Abstract
Abstract Field experiments with silage maize were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a loess‐derived Luvisol in southwest Germany. Four nitrogen fertilizer treatments were compared: application of preplanting NH 4 N (plus a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide as Didin) and preplanting NO 3 ‐N, split application of NO 3 ‐N (preplanting and side dressed 45 days after planting) and a control without nitrogen fertilizer in 1987 and with 64 kg N ha −1 as calcium ammonium nitrate in 1988. The total amounts of soil mineral nitrogen (N min + fertilizer N) were 200 kg N ha −1 in 1987 and 240 kg N ha −1 in 1988. Suction cups and tensiometer were installed at five depths and samples were taken in regular intervals. Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl −1 ; 1988 up to 170mgN l −1 ) and steeply decreased up to 75 cm depth with the onset of intensive N uptake at shooting. Ammonium concentrations in the suction solution were very low (0‐0.16 mg N l −1 ). Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987. In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl −1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season. Nitrate concentrations of split NO 3 ‐N application increased again in autumn 1988 and hence doubled the calculated N losses by leaching during the winter months compared to preplanting N applications. At shooting, plants of the preplanting NH 4 ‐N treatment had lower nitrate concentrations in leaf sheaths compared to plants of preplanting NO 3 ‐N application. Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO 3 ‐N application, reflecting the higher N availability in the soil later in the season. However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application. Since N losses by nitrate leaching between N application and onset of N uptake by plants were negligible on the experimental site, preplanting NH 4 ‐N application and split NO 3 ‐N application showed no agronomic advantages. High amounts of side dressed NO 3 ‐N may increase nitrate leaching during the winter months, especially in years with delayed rainfall after application.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solution nitrate rose at 15 and 45 cm three to four weeks after fertilizer application.
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- steeply increasede0
- Qualifier
- 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl −1 ; 1988 up to 170mgN l −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1987 soil solution nitrate peak reached 160mgNl −1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl −1 ; 1988 up to 170mgN l −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1988 soil solution nitrate peak reached 170mgN l −1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl −1 ; 1988 up to 170mgN l −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil solution nitrate decreased through 75 cm depth when intensive plant uptake began at shooting.
- Organ / stage
- shootinge0
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- steeply decreasede0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentrations in the suction solution steeply increased at 15 cm and 45 cm soil depth 3‐4 weeks after fertilizer application (1987 up to 160mgNl −1 ; 1988 up to 170mgN l −1 ) and steeply decreased up to 75 cm depth with the onset of intensive N uptake at shooting.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium concentration in soil solution was very low, from 0 to 0.16 mg N l −1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Ammonium concentrations in the suction solution were very low (0‐0.16 mg N l −1 ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplanting ammonium decreased spring 1987 soil solution nitrate relative to preplanting NCyN.
- Treatment
- preplanting NH 4 ‐Ne0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- spring 1987e0
- Comparator
- preplanting NCyN applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987.”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrate application decreased spring 1987 soil solution nitrate relative to preplanting NCyN.
- Treatment
- split NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- spring 1987e0
- Comparator
- preplanting NCyN applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared to preplanting NCyN application, preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application decreased nitrate concentrations in the suction solution in spring 1987.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1988, soil solution nitrate with preplanting ammonium stayed at or above 50mgNl −1 at 15 cm.
- Treatment
- preplanting NH 4 ‐Ne0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- did not fall belowe0
- Value
- 50mgNl −1e0
- Qualifier
- during the growing seasone0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl −1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1988, soil solution nitrate with split nitrate stayed at or above 50mgNl −1 at 15 cm.
- Treatment
- split NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
- Outcome
- nitrate concentrations in the suction solutione0
- Direction
- did not fall belowe0
- Value
- 50mgNl −1e0
- Qualifier
- during the growing seasone0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In 1988, however, nitrate concentrations in the suction solution of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application plots did not fall below 50mgNl −1 at 15 cm depth during the growing season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrate application increased soil nitrate again in autumn 1988.
- Treatment
- split NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Nitrate concentrationse0
- Direction
- increased againe0
- Qualifier
- autumn 1988e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate concentrations of split NO 3 ‐N application increased again in autumn 1988”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrate doubled calculated winter leaching loss relative to preplanting applications.
- Outcome
- calculated N losses by leachinge0
- Direction
- doublede0
- Qualifier
- during the winter monthse0
- Comparator
- preplanting N applicationse0
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“hence doubled the calculated N losses by leaching during the winter months compared to preplanting N applications.”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplanting ammonium lowered maize leaf sheath nitrate at shooting relative to preplanting nitrate.
Verbatim
e0“At shooting, plants of the preplanting NH 4 ‐N treatment had lower nitrate concentrations in leaf sheaths compared to plants of preplanting NO 3 ‐N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize nitrogen uptake from shooting to early grain filling tended higher under preplanting ammonium than preplanting nitrate.
- Treatment
- preplanting NH 4 ‐Ne0
- Outcome
- Total N uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- preplanting NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO 3 ‐N application”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize nitrogen uptake from shooting to early grain filling tended higher under split nitrate than preplanting nitrate.
- Treatment
- split NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Total N uptakee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- preplanting NO 3 ‐N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total N uptake of maize between shooting and early grain filling of preplanting NH 4 ‐N and split NO 3 ‐N application tended to be higher compared to preplanting NO 3 ‐N application”
Claim · model-written summary
Final maize dry matter yields did not differ significantly by nitrogen form or application time.
- Treatment
- N form or time of N applicatione0
- Outcome
- final dry matter yieldse0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Final maize nitrogen uptake did not differ significantly by nitrogen form or application time.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, final dry matter yields and N uptake were not significantly affected by N form or time of N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate leaching loss before plant uptake was negligible at the site.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“N losses by nitrate leaching between N application and onset of N uptake by plants were negligible on the experimental site”
Claim · model-written summary
Preplanting ammonium had no agronomic advantage at the site.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“preplanting NH 4 ‐N application and split NO 3 ‐N application showed no agronomic advantages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Split nitrate had no agronomic advantage at the site.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“preplanting NH 4 ‐N application and split NO 3 ‐N application showed no agronomic advantages.”
Claim · model-written summary
High sidedressed nitrate may increase winter nitrate leaching, especially when rainfall is delayed.
- Treatment
- side dressed NO 3 ‐Ne0
- Outcome
- nitrate leachinge0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- especially in years with delayed rainfall after applicatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“High amounts of side dressed NO 3 ‐N may increase nitrate leaching during the winter months, especially in years with delayed rainfall after application.”
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