Abstract
Abstract The increasing use of both no‐tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) production and urea‐containing fertilizers makes it imperative that we develop management strategies that maximize economic return from applications of these fertilizers to no‐till corn. A 3‐yr experiment was conducted on a Murrill silt loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) to determine the relative efficiencies (yield and N uptake per unit of N applied) of three common N sources [NH 4 NO 3 (AN), urea, and urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN)] used on no‐till corn. They were applied either as a surface band or as an injected band at or near the time of planting, or as a sidedress 26 to 31 days after plant emergence. Surface‐banded AN, injected AN, and injected urea all produced similar no‐till corn yields and N uptakes. The apparent NH 3 volatilization loss from surface‐banded urea was strongly influenced by the number of days after application until a total of 10 mm of rain fell. Apparent losses ranged from less than 50 g kg −1 of applied N with 10 mm of rainfall within 2 to 3 days after application, to over 300 g kg −1 with 5 to 7 days of dry weather after application. Both surface‐banded and injected UAN were less efficient than AN or injected urea. Sidedress applications of N resulted in more efficient N fertilizer utilization with all sources, but particularly with urea‐containing sources. Shorter rain‐free periods after sidedress applications may have contributed to this effect. Surface applications of an experimental fertilizer, 3:1 urea/urea phosphate, produced greater ear‐leaf at silking N concentrations than did surface‐banded urea. Amending urea with KCI, or UAN with ammonium thiosulfate, did not result in yields, ear‐leaf N concentrations, or N uptakes significantly different from those obtained with their unamended surface‐applied counterparts in the one year that each was tested.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-banded AN, injected AN and injected urea produced similar corn yields and nitrogen uptakes.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Surface‐banded ANe0
- Outcome
- yields and N uptakese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- injected AN, and injected ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface‐banded AN, injected AN, and injected urea all produced similar no‐till corn yields and N uptakes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent ammonia volatilization loss from surface-banded urea depended strongly on time until rainfall.
- Treatment
- surface‐banded ureae0
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilization losse0
- Qualifier
- number of days after application until a total of 10 mm of rain felle0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“The apparent NH 3 volatilization loss from surface‐banded urea was strongly influenced by the number of days after application until a total of 10 mm of rain fell.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent nitrogen losses were below 50 g kg −1 when 10 mm of rain fell within 2–3 days.
- Outcome
- Apparent lossese0
- Value
- less than 50 g kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- 10 mm of rainfall within 2 to 3 days after applicatione0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Apparent losses ranged from less than 50 g kg −1 of applied N with 10 mm of rainfall within 2 to 3 days after application, to over 300 g kg −1 with 5 to 7 days of dry weather after application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apparent nitrogen losses exceeded 300 g kg −1 after 5–7 dry days.
- Outcome
- Apparent lossese0
- Value
- over 300 g kg −1e0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 7 days of dry weather after applicatione0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Apparent losses ranged from less than 50 g kg −1 of applied N with 10 mm of rainfall within 2 to 3 days after application, to over 300 g kg −1 with 5 to 7 days of dry weather after application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-banded UAN was less efficient than AN or injected urea.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surface‐bandede0
- Outcome
- less efficiente0
- Direction
- less efficiente0
- Comparator
- AN or injected ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both surface‐banded and injected UAN were less efficient than AN or injected urea.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Injected UAN was less efficient than AN or injected urea.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- injected UANe0
- Outcome
- less efficiente0
- Direction
- less efficiente0
- Comparator
- AN or injected ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both surface‐banded and injected UAN were less efficient than AN or injected urea.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Sidedressing increased nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency for all sources, especially urea-containing sources.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Sidedress applications of Ne0
- Outcome
- N fertilizer utilizatione0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Qualifier
- particularly with urea‐containing sourcese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sidedress applications of N resulted in more efficient N fertilizer utilization with all sources, but particularly with urea‐containing sources.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter rain-free periods may explain greater efficiency after sidedressing.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- N fertilizer utilizatione1
- Qualifier
- Shorter rain‐free periods after sidedress applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shorter rain‐free periods after sidedress applications may have contributed to this effect.”
e1“more efficient N fertilizer utilization”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface-applied 3:1 urea/urea phosphate increased ear-leaf nitrogen at silking relative to surface-banded urea.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- ear‐leaf at silkinge0
- Treatment
- 3:1 urea/urea phosphatee0
- Outcome
- N concentrationse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- surface‐banded ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surface applications of an experimental fertilizer, 3:1 urea/urea phosphate, produced greater ear‐leaf at silking N concentrations than did surface‐banded urea.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Amending urea with KCI did not significantly change yield, ear-leaf nitrogen or nitrogen uptake in the tested year.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Amending urea with KCIe0
- Outcome
- yields, ear‐leaf N concentrations, or N uptakese0
- Direction
- did not resulte0
- Qualifier
- one year that each was testede0
- Comparator
- unamended surface‐applied counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amending urea with KCI, or UAN with ammonium thiosulfate, did not result in yields, ear‐leaf N concentrations, or N uptakes significantly different from those obtained with their unamended surface‐applied counterparts in the one year that each was tested.”
t0“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Amending UAN with ammonium thiosulfate did not significantly change yield, ear-leaf nitrogen or nitrogen uptake in the tested year.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- UAN with ammonium thiosulfatee0
- Outcome
- yields, ear‐leaf N concentrations, or N uptakese0
- Direction
- did not resulte0
- Comparator
- unamended surface‐applied counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Amending urea with KCI, or UAN with ammonium thiosulfate, did not result in yields, ear‐leaf N concentrations, or N uptakes significantly different from those obtained with their unamended surface‐applied counterparts in the one year that each was tested.”
t0“Corn”
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