Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most common contaminants in urban soils. Gardening in contaminated soils can result in Pb transfer from soil to humans through vegetable consumption and unintentional direct soil ingestion. A field experiment was conducted in 2009 and 2010 in a community urban garden with a soil total Pb concentration of 60 to 300 mg kg. The objectives of this study were to evaluate soil-plant transfer of Pb, the effects of incorporation of a leaf compost as a means of reducing Pb concentrations in vegetables and the bioaccessibility of soil Pb, and the effects of vegetable cleaning techniques on the Pb concentrations in the edible portions of vegetables. The amount of compost added was 28 kg m. The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots. The vegetable cleaning techniques were kitchen cleaning, laboratory cleaning, and peeling. Compost addition diluted soil total Pb concentration by 29 to 52%. Lead concentrations of the edible portions of vegetables, except carrot, were below the maximum allowable limits of Pb established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. Swiss chard and tomatoes subjected to kitchen cleaning had higher Pb concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants. Cleaning methods did not affect Pb concentrations in carrots. Bioaccessible Pb in the compost-added soils was 20 to 30% less than that of the no-compost soils; compost addition reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans via vegetable consumption and direct soil ingestion. Thorough cleaning of vegetables further reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Compost diluted total soil lead by 29 to 52%.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Treatment
- Compost additione0
- Outcome
- soil total Pb concentratione0
- Direction
- dilutede0
- Value
- 29 to 52%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost addition diluted soil total Pb concentration by 29 to 52%”
e1“The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead in edible portions of vegetables other than carrot was below FAO and WHO limits.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Outcome
- Lead concentrations of the edible portions of vegetablese0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Qualifier
- except carrote0
- Comparator
- maximum allowable limits of Pbe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lead concentrations of the edible portions of vegetables, except carrot, were below the maximum allowable limits of Pb established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization”
e1“The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Kitchen-cleaned Swiss chard had higher lead concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- kitchen cleaninge0
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- laboratory-cleaned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Swiss chard and tomatoes subjected to kitchen cleaning had higher Pb concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Kitchen-cleaned tomatoes had higher lead concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- kitchen cleaninge0
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- laboratory-cleaned plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Swiss chard and tomatoes subjected to kitchen cleaning had higher Pb concentrations than laboratory-cleaned plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleaning methods did not affect carrot lead concentrations.
- Taxon
- carrots
Daucus carotae0 - Treatment
- Cleaning methodse0
- Outcome
- Pb concentrationse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cleaning methods did not affect Pb concentrations in carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost-added soils had 20 to 30% less bioaccessible lead than soils without compost.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- compost-added soilse0
- Outcome
- Bioaccessible Pbe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 20 to 30%e0
- Comparator
- no-compost soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bioaccessible Pb in the compost-added soils was 20 to 30% less than that of the no-compost soils”
e1“The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost reduced the potential for soil lead transfer to humans through vegetable consumption and soil ingestion.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- compost additione0
- Outcome
- potential of transferring soil Pb to humans via vegetable consumption and direct soil ingestione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost addition reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans via vegetable consumption and direct soil ingestion”
e1“The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots”
Claim · model-written summary
Thorough vegetable cleaning further reduced the potential for soil lead transfer to humans.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Thorough cleaning of vegetablese0
- Outcome
- potential of transferring soil Pb to humanse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thorough cleaning of vegetables further reduced the potential of transferring soil Pb to humans”
e1“The tested plants were Swiss chard, tomato, sweet potato, and carrots”
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