Abstract
The yield of recrop winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a function of the interaction between agronomic management and the prevailing environment. Eight field trials were conducted over 2 yr on Dark Brown and Black Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan to determine the influence of fertilizer-N rate and time of application on the early-season crop development and water use of no-till seeded winter wheat. Ammonium nitrate was surface broadcast on one of three schedules: as early as possible (early); 67% early and 33% at the beginning of stem elongation (split): or 3 wk after early (late), at rates of 0, 67, 134 and 202 kg N ha −1 . In 1987, N fertilization resulted in the development and maintenance of a larger leaf-area index (LAI) and increased leaf conductance, leading to higher dry matter (DM) yield at anthesis and harvest. High air temperatures increased evaporative demand in 1988 and hastened crop development. Early-season response of both LAI and tiller number to fertilizer-N were abruptly terminated, followed by rapid pre-anthesis senescence in 1988. On average, 43% of harvest DM had accumulated by anthesis in 1987, compared with 78% in 1988. Although early N application increased and maintained LAI over late N in three of the eight trials, tiller responses to early N application were lost before anthesis under the environmental stress encountered. Increases in water-use efficiency of DM production with added N were a reflection of DM responses and not water use. Most of the soil water was extracted pre-anthesis, with on average 98% of post-anthesis evapotranspiration (ET) coming from rainfall. Maximum ET was associated with periods of high rainfall. Pre-anthesis DM yield increases associated with fertilizer-N, and dependence of post-anthesis ET on rainfall, resulted in increased plant stress and reduced leaf conductance during grain filling with fertilizer-N additions. Early correction of N deficiencies were required to efficiently utilize rainfall and stored soil water for biomass production under the recrop conditions used to produce no-till winter wheat in Saskatchewan’s semi-arid environment.Key words: Winter wheat, N application time, drought, water-use efficiency
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased leaf area index in 1987.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf-area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- In 1987e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“In 1987, N fertilization resulted in the development and maintenance of a larger leaf-area index (LAI)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased leaf conductance in 1987.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- leaf conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In 1987e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“In 1987, N fertilization resulted in the development and maintenance of a larger leaf-area index (LAI) and increased leaf conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization increased dry matter yield at anthesis and harvest in 1987.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- dry matter (DM) yield at anthesis and harveste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- In 1987e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“In 1987, N fertilization resulted in the development and maintenance of a larger leaf-area index (LAI) and increased leaf conductance, leading to higher dry matter (DM) yield at anthesis and harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
High air temperatures hastened crop development in 1988.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High air temperaturese0
- Outcome
- crop developmente0
- Direction
- hastenede0
- Qualifier
- in 1988e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“High air temperatures increased evaporative demand in 1988 and hastened crop development”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1988 the early season leaf area and tiller responses to nitrogen ended abruptly.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Early-season response of both LAI and tiller numbere0
- Direction
- abruptly terminatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Early-season response of both LAI and tiller number to fertilizer-N were abruptly terminated”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapid senescence occurred before anthesis in 1988.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- pre-anthesis senescencee0
- Direction
- rapide0
- Qualifier
- in 1988e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“followed by rapid pre-anthesis senescence in 1988”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean harvest dry matter accumulated by anthesis was 43% in 1987.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- harvest DM had accumulated by anthesise0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Qualifier
- in 1987e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“On average, 43% of harvest DM had accumulated by anthesis in 1987, compared with 78% in 1988”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean harvest dry matter accumulated by anthesis was 78% in 1988.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- harvest DM had accumulated by anthesise0
- Value
- 78%e0
- Qualifier
- in 1988e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“On average, 43% of harvest DM had accumulated by anthesis in 1987, compared with 78% in 1988”
Claim · model-written summary
Early nitrogen application maintained greater leaf area than late application in three of eight trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- early N applicatione0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- three of the eight trialse0
- Comparator
- late Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“early N application increased and maintained LAI over late N in three of the eight trials”
Claim · model-written summary
The early nitrogen effect on tillers was lost before anthesis under environmental stress.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- early N applicatione0
- Outcome
- tiller responsese0
- Direction
- loste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“tiller responses to early N application were lost before anthesis under the environmental stress encountered”
Claim · model-written summary
Added nitrogen increased water use efficiency of dry matter production through dry matter responses rather than water use.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- added Ne0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency of DM productione0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Qualifier
- a reflection of DM responses and not water usee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Increases in water-use efficiency of DM production with added N were a reflection of DM responses and not water use”
Claim · model-written summary
Most soil water extraction occurred before anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil water was extractede0
- Qualifier
- pre-anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Most of the soil water was extracted pre-anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall supplied on average 98% of evapotranspiration after anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- post-anthesis evapotranspiration (ET)e0
- Value
- 98%e0
- Qualifier
- rainfalle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“on average 98% of post-anthesis evapotranspiration (ET) coming from rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum evapotranspiration was associated with high rainfall.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high rainfalle0
- Outcome
- ETe0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Maximum ET was associated with periods of high rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen increased plant stress during grain filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-N additionse0
- Outcome
- plant stresse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- during grain fillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“resulted in increased plant stress and reduced leaf conductance during grain filling with fertilizer-N additions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen reduced leaf conductance during grain filling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer-N additionse0
- Outcome
- leaf conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- during grain fillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“resulted in increased plant stress and reduced leaf conductance during grain filling with fertilizer-N additions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend early correction of nitrogen deficiency to use rainfall and stored water efficiently.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Early correction of N deficienciese0
- Qualifier
- efficiently utilize rainfall and stored soil water for biomass productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Early correction of N deficiencies were required to efficiently utilize rainfall and stored soil water for biomass production”
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