Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a nutrient element necessary for plant growth and development. However, excessive inputs of N will lead to inefficient use and large N losses to the environment, which can adversely affect air and water quality, biodiversity and human health. To examine the effects of controlled-release fertilisers (CRF) on yield, we measured ammonia volatilisation, N use efficiency (NUE) and photosynthetic rate after anthesis in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958. Maize was grown using common compound fertiliser (CCF), the same amount of resin-coated controlled release fertiliser (CRFIII), the same amount of sulphur-coated controlled release fertiliser (SCFIII) as CCF, 75% CRF (CRFII) and SCF (SCFII), 50% CRF (CRFI) and SCF (SCFI), and no fertiliser. We found that treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF. There were no significant differences in grain yield among CRFI, SCFI and CCF. We also found that the ammonia volatilisation rates of CRF were significantly lower than those of CCF. The CRF treatments reduced the emission of ammonia by 51.34% to 91.34% compared to CCF. In addition, after treatment with CRF, maize exhibited a higher net photosynthetic rate than CCF after anthesis. Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment. The N uptake and physiological NUE of the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments were higher than those of CCF. These results suggest that the increase in NUE in the CRF treatments was generally attributable to the higher photosynthetic rate and lower ammonia volatilisation compared to CCF-treated maize.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The CRFIII treatment gave grain yield 13.15% higher than the CCF treatment.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- CRFIIIe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 13.15%e1
- Comparator
- CCFe1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e1“treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The SCFIII treatment gave grain yield 14.15% higher than the CCF treatment.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- SCFIIIe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 14.15%e1
- Comparator
- CCFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e1“treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The CRFII treatment gave grain yield 9.69% higher than the CCF treatment.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- CRFIIe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 9.69%e1
- Comparator
- CCFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e1“treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The SCFII treatment gave grain yield 10.04% higher than the CCF treatment.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- SCFIIe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 10.04%e1
- Comparator
- CCFe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e1“treatments CRFIII, SCFIII, CRFII and SCFII produced grain yields that were 13.15%, 14.15%, 9.69% and 10.04% higher than CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not differ significantly among the CRFI, SCFI and CCF treatments.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- CRFI, SCFIe2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- no significant differencese2
- Comparator
- CCFe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e2“There were no significant differences in grain yield among CRFI, SCFI and CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The CRF treatment significantly lowered ammonia volatilisation rates compared with CCF.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- CRFe3
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilisation ratese3
- Direction
- significantly lowere3
- Comparator
- CCFe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e3“the ammonia volatilisation rates of CRF were significantly lower than those of CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The CRF treatments reduced ammonia emission by 51.34% to 91.34% compared with CCF.
- Material
- Zhengdan958e0
- Treatment
- CRF treatmentse4
- Outcome
- emission of ammoniae4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 51.34% to 91.34%e4
- Comparator
- CCFe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e4“The CRF treatments reduced the emission of ammonia by 51.34% to 91.34% compared to CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
After anthesis, CRF-treated maize had a higher net photosynthetic rate than CCF-treated maize.
- Organ / stage
- after anthesise5
- Treatment
- CRFe5
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- CCFe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“after treatment with CRF, maize exhibited a higher net photosynthetic rate than CCF after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment.
- Treatment
- CRF treatmente6
- Outcome
- Agronomic NUE and apparent N recoverye6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- CCF treatmente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e6“Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment. The N uptake and physiological NUE of the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments were higher than those of CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
N uptake and physiological NUE were higher in the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments than in CCF.
- Treatment
- four yield-enhanced CRF treatmentse6
- Outcome
- N uptake and physiological NUEe6
- Direction
- highere6
- Comparator
- CCFe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in summer maize hybrid cultivar Zhengdan958”
e6“Agronomic NUE and apparent N recovery were higher in the CRF treatment than in the CCF treatment. The N uptake and physiological NUE of the four yield-enhanced CRF treatments were higher than those of CCF”
Claim · model-written summary
The NUE increase under CRF is attributed to a higher photosynthetic rate and lower ammonia volatilisation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the increase in NUE in the CRF treatments was generally attributable to the higher photosynthetic rate and lower ammonia volatilisation compared to CCF-treated maize”
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