Abstract
Abstract In portions of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, fall‐applied fertilizer N is often less effective in increasing yields of cereal crops than fertilizer N applied in the spring. Field experiments were conducted in northern and central Alberta on Udic Boroll, Boralfic Boroll, and Boralf soils to find if there was a consistent increase in yield and N uptake of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) when fall‐applied urea was placed in bands and in nests as compared to the conventional mixing into the soil. There were 14 field experiments with the fallapplications during 3 years, and 13 of the experiments were cropped. The crop was spring‐sown barley. Fall‐applied urea gave higher grain yield, recovery of N in grain and recovery of N in grain + straw when placed in 46 cm spaced bands, and more so in nests, than when urea was incorporated into soil in the conventional manner. Nests were obtained by placing the N fertilizer at a point in each area of 46 ✕ 46 cm and at a depth of approximately 5 cm. The average increases in grain yield from urea incorporated in the fall, from urea banded in the fall, from nest placement of urea applied in the fall, and from urea incorporated in the spring at seeding time were 810, 1220, 1530, and 1680 kg ha −1 , respectively. In the same order, the recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus straw were 26, 40, 53, and 61% although values were similar for banding and nest placement in 5 of the 13 experiments. Nitrification of fall‐applied N was slowed with banding and especially with nests, as compared to incorporation. With less nitrification, there was less over‐winter loss of fall‐applied N, apparently through reducing denitrification. As with urea, fall‐applied aqua NH 3 placed in nests produced greater grain yield, N uptake by grain and N uptake by the whole plant as compared to aqua NH 3 injected in bands. There were six other cropped experiments where there was only spring application of nesting, banding, and mixing. With spring application, nest placement of urea was inferior to banding or mixing of urea, unless the spacing of nests was reduced from 46 ✕ 46 cm to 23 ✕ 23 cm or the application of nests was made 2 weeks before sowing with subsequent cultivation. Nest placement is an alternative to chemical inhibitors of nitrification with fall‐applied N fertilizers.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fall urea in bands increased barley grain yield relative to conventional incorporation.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Treatment
- 46 cm spaced bandse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- incorporated into soil in the conventional mannere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fall‐applied urea gave higher grain yield, recovery of N in grain and recovery of N in grain + straw when placed in 46 cm spaced bands, and more so in nests, than when urea was incorporated into soil in the conventional manner”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall urea in nests increased barley grain yield more than bands.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- nestse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- more soe0
- Comparator
- 46 cm spaced bandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall‐applied urea gave higher grain yield, recovery of N in grain and recovery of N in grain + straw when placed in 46 cm spaced bands, and more so in nests”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall urea placement in bands increased recovery of nitrogen in barley grain and grain plus straw.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- 46 cm spaced bandse0
- Outcome
- recovery of N in grain and recovery of N in grain + strawe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- incorporated into soil in the conventional mannere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall‐applied urea gave higher grain yield, recovery of N in grain and recovery of N in grain + straw when placed in 46 cm spaced bands, and more so in nests, than when urea was incorporated into soil in the conventional manner”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall incorporated urea raised barley grain yield by an average 810 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- urea incorporated in the falle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 810e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average increases in grain yield from urea incorporated in the fall, from urea banded in the fall, from nest placement of urea applied in the fall, and from urea incorporated in the spring at seeding time were 810, 1220, 1530, and 1680 kg ha −1 , respectively”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall banded urea raised barley grain yield by an average 1220 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- urea banded in the falle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1220e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average increases in grain yield from urea incorporated in the fall, from urea banded in the fall, from nest placement of urea applied in the fall, and from urea incorporated in the spring at seeding time were 810, 1220, 1530, and 1680 kg ha −1 , respectively”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall nest placement of urea raised barley grain yield by an average 1530 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- nest placement of urea applied in the falle0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1530e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average increases in grain yield from urea incorporated in the fall, from urea banded in the fall, from nest placement of urea applied in the fall, and from urea incorporated in the spring at seeding time were 810, 1220, 1530, and 1680 kg ha −1 , respectively”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring incorporated urea raised barley grain yield by an average 1680 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- urea incorporated in the spring at seeding timee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1680 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average increases in grain yield from urea incorporated in the fall, from urea banded in the fall, from nest placement of urea applied in the fall, and from urea incorporated in the spring at seeding time were 810, 1220, 1530, and 1680 kg ha −1 , respectively”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in grain plus straw was 26% after fall incorporation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus strawe0
- Value
- 26e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus straw were 26, 40, 53, and 61%”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in grain plus straw was 40% after fall banding.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus strawe0
- Value
- 40e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus straw were 26, 40, 53, and 61%”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in grain plus straw was 53% after fall nesting.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus strawe0
- Value
- 53e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus straw were 26, 40, 53, and 61%”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen recovery in grain plus straw was 61% after spring incorporation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus strawe0
- Value
- 61%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recoveries of fertilizer N in grain plus straw were 26, 40, 53, and 61%”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Banding and nests slowed nitrification of fall-applied nitrogen compared with incorporation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- bandinge0
- Outcome
- Nitrification of fall‐applied Ne0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Comparator
- incorporatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrification of fall‐applied N was slowed with banding and especially with nests, as compared to incorporation”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall aqua NH 3 in nests increased barley grain yield relative to band injection.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- fall‐applied aqua NH 3 placed in nestse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- aqua NH 3 injected in bandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fall‐applied aqua NH 3 placed in nests produced greater grain yield, N uptake by grain and N uptake by the whole plant as compared to aqua NH 3 injected in bands”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall aqua NH 3 in nests increased grain and whole-plant nitrogen uptake relative to band injection.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- fall‐applied aqua NH 3 placed in nestse0
- Outcome
- N uptake by grain and N uptake by the whole plante0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- aqua NH 3 injected in bandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fall‐applied aqua NH 3 placed in nests produced greater grain yield, N uptake by grain and N uptake by the whole plant as compared to aqua NH 3 injected in bands”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring nest placement of urea was inferior to banding or mixing unless spacing or timing changed.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- nest placement of ureae0
- Outcome
- inferiore0
- Direction
- inferiore0
- Comparator
- banding or mixing of ureae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With spring application, nest placement of urea was inferior to banding or mixing of urea, unless the spacing of nests was reduced from 46 ✕ 46 cm to 23 ✕ 23 cm or the application of nests was made 2 weeks before sowing with subsequent cultivation”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend nest placement as an alternative to chemical nitrification inhibitors for fall nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Outcome
- Nest placement is an alternative to chemical inhibitors of nitrificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nest placement is an alternative to chemical inhibitors of nitrification with fall‐applied N fertilizers”
e1“barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.)”
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