Abstract
CONTEXT: Lippia thymoides Mart. & Schauer (Verbenaceae) is used in folk medicine to treat wounds, fever, bronchitis, rheumatism, headaches, and weakness. OBJECTIVE: This study determinates the chemical composition of essential oils from L. thymoides, obtained at during each of the four seasons and correlates with pharmacological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods. The antimicrobial assays were performed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) methods. Isolated rat aorta and uterus, and guinea-pig trachea were utilized to evaluate relaxant potential in pre-contracted smooth muscle. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides had the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (17.22-26.27%) as the major constituent followed by borneol (4.45-7.36%), camphor (3.22-8.61%), camphene (2.64-5.66%), and germacrene D (4.72-6.18%). In vitro assays showed that these essential oils do not have antioxidant activity, have antimicrobial selectivity to Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.004 mg/mL and MMC = 0.26-10.19 mg/mL) and Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 0.03 mg/mL and MMC = 8.43 mg/mL), relax isolated rat aorta (EC50 = 305-544 μg/mL, with endothelium; and EC50 = 150-283 μg/mL, without endothelium), and uterus (EC50 = 74-257 μg/mL), and minor potency, isolated guinea-pig trachea. CONCLUSIONS: Lippia thymoides is a source of natural products of pharmaceutical interest, being necessary additional studies to determine the substances involved in the biological activities.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf oils contain beta-caryophyllene as the major constituent at 17.22-26.27%.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- β-caryophyllenee0
- Value
- 17.22-26.27%e0
- Qualifier
- major constituente0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides had the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene (17.22-26.27%) as the major constituent”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf oils contain borneol at 4.45-7.36%.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- borneole0
- Value
- 4.45-7.36%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“borneol (4.45-7.36%)”
e1“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf oils contain camphor at 3.22-8.61%.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- camphore0
- Value
- 3.22-8.61%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“camphor (3.22-8.61%)”
e1“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf oils contain camphene at 2.64-5.66%.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- camphenee0
- Value
- 2.64-5.66%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“camphene (2.64-5.66%)”
e1“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf oils contain germacrene D at 4.72-6.18%.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese1
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- germacrene De0
- Value
- 4.72-6.18%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“germacrene D (4.72-6.18%)”
e1“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides”
Claim · model-written summary
These essential oils showed no antioxidant activity in vitro.
- Taxon
- L. thymoidesLippia thymoidese1
- Outcome
- do not have antioxidant activitye0
- Qualifier
- In vitroe0
Verbatim
e0“In vitro assays showed that these essential oils do not have antioxidant activity”
e1“Essential oils from leaves of L. thymoides”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils were antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC 0.004 mg/mL.
- Taxon
- Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureuse0 - Outcome
- MICe0
- Value
- 0.004 mg/mLe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“have antimicrobial selectivity to Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.004 mg/mL and MMC = 0.26-10.19 mg/mL)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils had MMC 0.26-10.19 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.
- Taxon
- Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureuse0
- Outcome
- MMCe0
- Value
- 0.26-10.19 mg/mLe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 0.004 mg/mL and MMC = 0.26-10.19 mg/mL)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils had MIC 0.03 mg/mL against Micrococcus luteus.
- Taxon
- Micrococcus luteus
Micrococcus luteuse0 - Outcome
- MICe0
- Value
- 0.03 mg/mLe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 0.03 mg/mL and MMC = 8.43 mg/mL)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils had MMC 8.43 mg/mL against Micrococcus luteus.
- Taxon
- Micrococcus luteusMicrococcus luteuse0
- Outcome
- MMCe0
- Value
- 8.43 mg/mLe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Micrococcus luteus (MIC = 0.03 mg/mL and MMC = 8.43 mg/mL)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils relaxed rat aorta with endothelium with EC50 305-544 μg/mL.
RattusNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relax isolated rat aorta (EC50 = 305-544 μg/mL, with endothelium; and EC50 = 150-283 μg/mL, without endothelium)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils relaxed rat aorta without endothelium with EC50 150-283 μg/mL.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relax isolated rat aorta (EC50 = 305-544 μg/mL, with endothelium; and EC50 = 150-283 μg/mL, without endothelium)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils relaxed rat uterus with EC50 74-257 μg/mL.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and uterus (EC50 = 74-257 μg/mL)”
e1“Isolated rat aorta and uterus”
Claim · model-written summary
The oils relaxed isolated guinea-pig trachea with minor potency.
- Taxon
- guinea-pig
Cavia porcelluse0 - Organ / stage
- tracheae0
- Outcome
- minor potencye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and minor potency, isolated guinea-pig trachea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lippia thymoides is a source of natural products of pharmaceutical interest and further studies are needed to identify active substances.
- Taxon
- Lippia thymoidesLippia thymoidese0
- Outcome
- additional studies to determine the substances involved in the biological activitiese0
- Qualifier
- source of natural products of pharmaceutical intereste0
Verbatim
e0“Lippia thymoides is a source of natural products of pharmaceutical interest, being necessary additional studies to determine the substances involved in the biological activities.”