Abstract
To obtain further insight into the intricate inter-play between maize (Zea mays) and the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, the local and systemic molecular and chemical defence responses of maize leaves and roots were simultaneously investigated and compared. Similar gene expression and hormonal patterns were detected in both above- and below-ground organs; however, roots responded more rapidly and accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves. Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus. This systemic defence response was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations, and elevated levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid. Metabolomic profiling revealed significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites in leaves and roots, indicating that these organs employ distinct chemical defence systems. In addition, higher basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoids suggest an enhanced basal defensive state of roots. Our findings reveal tissue-specific local and systemic antifungal defence mechanisms in maize.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression and hormonal patterns were similar in above- and below-ground maize organs.
- Organ / stage
- above- and below-ground organse0
- Outcome
- gene expression and hormonal patternse0
- Direction
- Similare0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e0“Similar gene expression and hormonal patterns were detected in both above- and below-ground organs; however, roots responded more rapidly and accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots responded more rapidly than leaves to infection.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e0“Similar gene expression and hormonal patterns were detected in both above- and below-ground organs; however, roots responded more rapidly and accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize roots accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e0“Similar gene expression and hormonal patterns were detected in both above- and below-ground organs; however, roots responded more rapidly and accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in maize foliage.
- Organ / stage
- foliagee1
- Treatment
- Leaf and root infection with C. graminicolae1
- Interactor
- C. graminicola
_G.W._Wilson_1235209.jpg?width=60)
Colletotrichum graminicolae1pathogen - Outcome
- systemic resistancee1
- Direction
- triggerede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_G.W._Wilson_1235209.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e1“Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus.”
Claim · model-written summary
The systemic defence response to C. graminicola was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations.
- Interactor
- C. graminicolaColletotrichum graminicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- systemic transcriptional adaptationse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e1“Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus.”
e2“This systemic defence response was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations, and elevated levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid.”
Claim · model-written summary
The systemic defence response was associated with elevated levels of salicylic acid.
- Interactor
- C. graminicolaColletotrichum graminicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- levels of salicylic acide2
- Direction
- elevatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e1“Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus.”
e2“This systemic defence response was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations, and elevated levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid.”
Claim · model-written summary
The systemic defence response was associated with elevated abscisic acid.
- Interactor
- C. graminicolaColletotrichum graminicolae1pathogen
- Outcome
- abscisic acide2
- Direction
- elevatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e1“Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus.”
e2“This systemic defence response was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations, and elevated levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves and roots differed significantly in the composition of secondary metabolites.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse3
- Outcome
- composition of secondary metabolitese3
- Direction
- significant differencese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e3“Metabolomic profiling revealed significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites in leaves and roots, indicating that these organs employ distinct chemical defence systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves and roots employ distinct chemical defence systems.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e3“Metabolomic profiling revealed significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites in leaves and roots, indicating that these organs employ distinct chemical defence systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoids were higher in roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse4
- Compound
- antimicrobial flavonoidse4
- Outcome
- basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoidse4
- Direction
- highere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e4“In addition, higher basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoids suggest an enhanced basal defensive state of roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher basal flavonoid levels suggest an enhanced basal defensive state of roots.
- Outcome
- enhanced basal defensive state of rootse4
- Qualifier
- higher basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoidse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Induced resistance in maize”
e4“In addition, higher basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoids suggest an enhanced basal defensive state of roots.”
The same questions in other papers
infection · disease · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
30 papers more in this group
See all 34 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.