Abstract
In the eastern region of the Great Plains, yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide. Field studies were conducted at two locations in southeastern Kansas from 1987 through 1990 on a Parsons silt loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic, Mollic Albaqualf) to evaluate responsiveness of selected cultivars of hard and soft winter wheat to conventional N (75 lb N/acre, fall‐applied) and high N (75 lb N/acre, fall‐applied followed by 50 lb N/acre topdressed in late winter) fertilizer applications, with and without foliar fungicide (propiconazole — 1[[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl) ‐4‐propyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl]methyl]‐1H‐l,2,4‐triazole). Nitrogen level and foliar fungicide responses varied significantly among cultivars, locations, and years. Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, and heads per square foot were significantly reduced with the higher N level in 3 of 4 yr at one location; however, at the second location, the high N application significantly increased grain yield compared with the conventional N level. Applying additional topdress N significantly increased grain protein at both sites, but foliar fungicide had no effect on grain protein. Yield response to foliar fungicide was dependent upon leaf rust ( Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici ] seventy and cultivar disease resistance. Significant N level × fungicide interactions for grain yield occurred in seven of the eight site‐years. Results indicate that decisions to use higher N levels and foliar fungicide should be based upon specific environmental conditions and cultivar selection. Research Question Considerable interest has developed in intensive cereal management (ICM) systems for producing higher grain yields. Two important components of these proposed systems are increased N levels and foliar fungicides. Research is lacking on the effectiveness of higher N fertilization and foliar fungicide use in the eastern portion of the Great Plains, where both hard and soft winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars are commonly grown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two N levels (conventional N = fall‐applied and high N = fall‐applied followed by late winter topdress), with or without a foliar fungicide on yield, test weight, yield components, grain protein, and flag‐leaf N concentration for selected cultivars of hard and soft red winter wheat. Literature Summary The ICM concept originated in Europe, where wheat yields in excess of 100 bu/acre are commonly produced. Intensive cereal management systems have been evaluated throughout the wheat growing regions of the USA to determine their adaptability and economic feasibility. Research conducted in recent years has verified that grain yields of soft red winter wheat can be increased with intensified management systems, including higher N fertilization and foliar fungicide application. Results with combined and selected components of ICM systems have been inconsistent, however, and have varied depending upon specific environmental conditions. Very little research on ICM practices has involved hard red winter wheat cultivars. Study Description The study was conducted at two locations in southeastern Kansas from 1987 through 1990. Soil: Parsons silt loam (fine, mixed, thermic Mollic Albaqualf) Main plots: Conventional N (75 lb/acre ‐ fall, preplant incorporated) Conventional N with foliar fungicide High N (75 lb/acre ‐ fall, preplant incorporated followed by 50 lb/acre — late winter topdress) High N with foliar fungicide Subplots: Selected hard and soft red winter wheat cultivars N source: Urea Foliar fungicide: Tilt, 4 oz/acre (Feeke's GS 8) Applied Question Did higher N levels and foliar fungicide application increase wheat yield and grain quality? Yield response to N level and foliar fungicide varied significantly at two locations (Table ). Results indicate that yield response to higher N levels and foliar fungicide is highly dependent upon specific environmental conditions, foliar disease severity, and cultivar disease resistance. Grain protein levels were increased with additional topdress N application, whereas foliar fungicide had no effect on protein. Effects of N level and foliar fungicide on grain yield and protein in Labette and Cherokee Counties, Kansas. Yield Protein Labette Cherokee Labette Cherokee Treatment County County County County ‐‐‐‐‐‐bu/acre‐‐‐‐‐ ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐%‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Conventional N 56.2 53.6 12.5 9.8 Conventional N with 60.9 54.7 12.4 9.7 fungicide High N 51.9 58.7 13.7 11.1 High N with fungicide 60.5 62.4 13.7 11.1 LSD (0.05) 2.7 3.1 0.3 0.3 Data averaged over cultivars and years.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen level and foliar fungicide responses of winter wheat varied significantly among cultivars, locations and years.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- Nitrogen levele1
- Outcome
- foliar fungicide responsese1
- Qualifier
- among cultivars, locations, and yearse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Nitrogen level and foliar fungicide responses varied significantly among cultivars, locations, and years”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher N level significantly reduced grain yield, test weight and kernel weight at one location in 3 of 4 years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- higher N levele1
- Outcome
- Grain yield, test weight, kernel weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- 3 of 4 yre1
- Setting
- one locatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, and heads per square foot were significantly reduced with the higher N level in 3 of 4 yr at one location”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher N level significantly reduced heads per square foot at one location in 3 of 4 years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- higher N levele1
- Outcome
- heads per square foote1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- 3 of 4 yre1
- Setting
- one locatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight, and heads per square foot were significantly reduced with the higher N level in 3 of 4 yr at one location”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
At the second location, high N application significantly increased grain yield compared with conventional N.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- high N applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- conventional N levele1
- Setting
- second locatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“however, at the second location, the high N application significantly increased grain yield compared with the conventional N level”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional topdress N significantly increased grain protein at both sites.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- additional topdress Ne1
- Outcome
- grain proteine1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- both sitese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Applying additional topdress N significantly increased grain protein at both sites”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar fungicide had no effect on wheat grain protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- foliar fungicidee1
- Outcome
- grain proteine1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“but foliar fungicide had no effect on grain protein”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield response to foliar fungicide in wheat depended on leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) and cultivar disease resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Interactor
- Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici
.jpeg?width=60)
Puccinia reconditae1pathogen - Outcome
- Yield response to foliar fungicidee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpeg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Yield response to foliar fungicide was dependent upon leaf rust ( Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici ] seventy and cultivar disease resistance”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
The N level × fungicide interaction for wheat grain yield was significant in seven of the eight site-years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- N level × fungicidee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- in seven of the eight site‐yearse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Significant N level × fungicide interactions for grain yield occurred in seven of the eight site‐years”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Decisions to use higher N levels and foliar fungicide should be based on specific environmental conditions and cultivar selection.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- decisions to use higher N levels and foliar fungicidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicate that decisions to use higher N levels and foliar fungicide should be based upon specific environmental conditions and cultivar selection”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield response to N level and foliar fungicide varied significantly at two locations.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- N level and foliar fungicidee1
- Outcome
- Yield responsee1
- Setting
- two locationse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Yield response to N level and foliar fungicide varied significantly at two locations”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
Claim · model-written summary
The yield response to higher N levels and foliar fungicide is highly dependent on environmental conditions, foliar disease severity and cultivar disease resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- higher N levels and foliar fungicidee1
- Outcome
- yield response to higher N levels and foliar fungicidee1
- Qualifier
- highly dependent upon specific environmental conditions, foliar disease severity, and cultivar disease resistancee1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results indicate that yield response to higher N levels and foliar fungicide is highly dependent upon specific environmental conditions, foliar disease severity, and cultivar disease resistance”
e2“yield and seed quality of wheat could potentially be increased by applying additional N and foliar fungicide”
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