Abstract
ABSTRACT A spin‐echo pulse sequence was used to obtain 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance microimages of soybean nodules, with resolution to 40 mm and 3D presentation. At an acquisition time (TR) of c. 270 ms and a short echo time (TE) of 8.3 ms, a high proton intensity was detected in infected tissue and vascular strands, relative to the cortex. A longer TE of 15.5 ms was associated with a relatively low proton intensity in infected tissue. Thus protons in infected tissue were characterized by a short T 2 . Following detopping of the plant, or treatment of the root system with Ar:O 2 , proton intensity (TE 5.9, TR 120 ms) decreased exponentially in a zone corresponding to the inner cortex‐outer infected region. This result is interpreted as being caused by a loss of water mobility (i.e. increase in viscosity) or a filling of intercellular air spaces with fluid (i.e. loss of air‐water interfaces). The membrane impermeant tracer lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected region in intact nodules of detopped and Ar:O 2 ‐treated, but not control, plants. This result is consistent with the filling of air spaces with fluid following the imposed treatments, allowing infiltration of aqueous tracers. Variation in intercellular air space volume within the inner cortex has been suggested as a mechanism to allow a variable rate of diffusion of O 2 into soybean nodules.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Short-echo imaging detected greater proton intensity in infected tissue and vascular strands than cortex.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- infected tissue and vascular strandse0
- Outcome
- proton intensitye0
- Direction
- highe0
- Comparator
- cortexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high proton intensity was detected in infected tissue and vascular strands, relative to the cortex.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer echo time was associated with relatively low infected-tissue proton intensity.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- infected tissuee0
- Treatment
- longer TE of 15.5 mse0
- Outcome
- proton intensitye0
- Direction
- relatively lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A longer TE of 15.5 ms was associated with a relatively low proton intensity in infected tissue.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected-tissue protons had a short T 2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- infected tissuee0
- Outcome
- short T 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus protons in infected tissue were characterized by a short T 2 .”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Detopping decreased proton intensity exponentially in the inner cortex–outer infected region.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- inner cortex‐outer infected regione0
- Treatment
- detopping of the plante0
- Outcome
- proton intensitye0
- Direction
- decreased exponentiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following detopping of the plant, or treatment of the root system with Ar:O 2 , proton intensity (TE 5.9, TR 120 ms) decreased exponentially in a zone corresponding to the inner cortex‐outer infected region.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ar:O 2 root treatment decreased proton intensity exponentially in the inner cortex–outer infected region.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- inner cortex‐outer infected regione0
- Treatment
- treatment of the root system with Ar:O 2e0
- Outcome
- proton intensitye0
- Direction
- decreased exponentiallye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following detopping of the plant, or treatment of the root system with Ar:O 2 , proton intensity (TE 5.9, TR 120 ms) decreased exponentially in a zone corresponding to the inner cortex‐outer infected region.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The proton decrease was interpreted as loss of water mobility or fluid filling of air spaces.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- loss of water mobilitye0
- Qualifier
- filling of intercellular air spaces with fluide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This result is interpreted as being caused by a loss of water mobility (i.e. increase in viscosity) or a filling of intercellular air spaces with fluid (i.e. loss of air‐water interfaces).”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Tracer entered infected nodule regions of intact detopped plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- detoppede0
- Outcome
- lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected regione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The membrane impermeant tracer lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected region in intact nodules of detopped and Ar:O 2 ‐treated, but not control, plants.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Tracer entered infected nodule regions of intact Ar:O 2 treated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Ar:O 2 ‐treatede0
- Outcome
- lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected regione0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The membrane impermeant tracer lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected region in intact nodules of detopped and Ar:O 2 ‐treated, but not control, plants.”
t0“soybean”