Abstract
The increasing scarcity of water for irrigation and environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers are the important problems in vegetable production. A field experiment with combination of three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization was employed to optimize the irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer usage of spinach. Traits, yields, quality, and economic factors of spinach under different regimes were determined. The yield was the highest when spinach was grown under the condition of the soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer, while the lowest yield was recorded for the one under the soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha−1. Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased nitrogen use efficiency. Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage. To optimize the quality and earnings of spinach, and consider the fact that nitrogen fertilizer could degrade the quality of spinach, application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha−1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5% could be recommended for spinach cultivation under field conditions. Therefore, the findings in this present study are important to improve our knowledge of the irrigation and fertilization for the sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach yield was highest at 16.5% soil water content with 170 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield was the highest when spinach was grown under the condition of the soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach yield was lowest at 12.5% soil water content with no nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest yield was recorded for the one under the soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha−1”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach nitrate content depended strongly on irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Nitratee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinach oxalate content depended strongly on irrigation and nitrogen fertilization levels.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- oxalate contentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased spinach nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased nitrogen use efficiency.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer use improved spinach water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increased nitrogen fertilizer usagee0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer use improved profit from spinach production.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- increased nitrogen fertilizer usagee0
- Outcome
- profite0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage.”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 85 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilizer and 16.5% soil water content for field spinach to optimize quality and earnings.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Outcome
- application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha−1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5%e0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha−1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5% could be recommended for spinach cultivation under field conditions”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results differ
67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
75 papers more in this group
See all 79 papers →fertilization · nutrient: efficiency · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
fertilization · physiology: water · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.