Abstract
The use of vermicompost to improve soil fertility and enhance crop yield has gained considerable momentum due to its contribution to agroecological sustainability. Short-term (35 days after transplanting) effects of vermicompost, applied either as a soil amendment (5% and 10%, v/v) or a drench (40 mL of vermicompost extract at 0, 14, 21, and 28 days after transplanting), on soil properties and spinach plants ( Spinacia oleracea L.) were evaluated in a greenhouse. After harvesting, the amendments left high residual levels of nutrients, organic matter and carbon, and increased soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water-holding capacity (WHC). Drench treatment of unamended soil increased soil nutrients, CEC, and WHC. All vermicompost treatments, especially amendment at 10% rate, increased leaf number, area, fresh and dry weight (FW and DW), shoot FW and DW, root DW, and water use efficiency (WUE). Vermicompost increased leaf chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency, yield, and electron transport rate (ETR) of mature leaves, as well as increased leaf succulence, and carotenoid, protein, and amino acid content. Vermicompost soil amendment reduced phenolics and flavonoids, leading to lower antioxidant capacity, whereas drench treatment only decreased betacyanin content. Vermicompost improved soil fertility, prompted leaf production, delayed leaf senescence, and enhanced growth of spinach. It also favorably influenced spinach quality by increasing leaf succulence and carotenoid, protein, and amino acids content, although it, as soil amendment, reduced flavonoid content leading to low antioxidant capacity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost amendments increased residual soil nutrients, organic matter, carbon, CEC, and water holding capacity.
- Treatment
- amendmentse0
- Outcome
- nutrients, organic matter and carbon, and increased soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water-holding capacity (WHC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the amendments left high residual levels of nutrients, organic matter and carbon, and increased soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and water-holding capacity (WHC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drenching unamended soil increased soil nutrients, CEC, and WHC.
- Treatment
- Drench treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil nutrients, CEC, and WHCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- unamended soile0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Drench treatment of unamended soil increased soil nutrients, CEC, and WHC”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased spinach leaf number, area, leaf and shoot weights, root dry weight, and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- vermicompost treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf number, area, fresh and dry weight (FW and DW), shoot FW and DW, root DW, and water use efficiency (WUE)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All vermicompost treatments, especially amendment at 10% rate, increased leaf number, area, fresh and dry weight (FW and DW), shoot FW and DW, root DW, and water use efficiency (WUE)”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased chlorophyll and photochemical measures of mature spinach leaves.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- mature leavese0
- Treatment
- Vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency, yield, and electron transport rate (ETR)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost increased leaf chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency, yield, and electron transport rate (ETR) of mature leaves”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased spinach leaf succulence, carotenoids, protein, and amino acids.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- leaf succulence, and carotenoid, protein, and amino acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost increased leaf chlorophyll content, and photochemical efficiency, yield, and electron transport rate (ETR) of mature leaves, as well as increased leaf succulence, and carotenoid, protein, and amino acid content”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil amendment reduced phenolics and flavonoids and lowered antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompost soil amendmente0
- Outcome
- phenolics and flavonoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost soil amendment reduced phenolics and flavonoids, leading to lower antioxidant capacity”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost drench decreased betacyanin content.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- drench treatmente0
- Outcome
- betacyanin contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drench treatment only decreased betacyanin content”
t0“Spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost delayed spinach leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- SpinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Vermicompostt0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“delayed leaf senescence”
t0“Vermicompost Affects Soil Properties and Spinach”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.