Abstract
BACKGROUND: Soil contamination by copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) is a widespread environmental problem. For phytoextraction to be successful and viable in environmental remediation, strategies that can improve plant uptake must be identified. In the present study we investigated the use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer as an efficient way to enhance accumulation of Cu and Pb from contaminated industrial soils into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Plants were grown in a greenhouse and fertilized with N fertilizer at rates of 0, 190 and 380 mg kg⁻¹ soil. Shoots, roots and total accumulation of Cu and Pb, transfer factor (TF), translocation index were assessed to evaluate the transport and translocation ability of tested plants. Addition of N fertilizer acidified the industrial soil and caused the pH to decrease to 5.5 from an initial pH of 6.9. Industrial soil amended with N fertilizer resulted in the highest accumulation of Pb and Cu (for Pb 10.1-15.5 mg kg⁻¹, for Cu 11.6-16.8 mg kg⁻¹) in the shoots, which was two to four folds higher relative to the concentration in roots in all the three plants used. Sunflower removed significantly higher Pb (50-54%) and Cu (34-38%) followed by amaranth and Indian mustard from industrial soils with the application of N fertilizer. The TF was <1 while the shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratios of Pb and Cu were between 1.3-4.3 and 1.8-3.8, respectively, regardless of plant species. CONCLUSIONS: Sunflower is the best plant species to carry out phytoextraction of Pb and Cu. In contrast, Pb and Cu removal by Indian mustard and amaranth shows great potential as quick and short duration vegetable crops. The results suggest that the application of N fertilizer in contaminated industrial soil is an effective amendment for the phytoextraction of Pb and Cu from contaminated industrial soils.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer in industrial soil gave the highest Pb accumulation in shoots (10.1-15.5 mg kg-1).
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower
.JPG?width=60)
Amaranthus caudatus
Brassica juncea
Helianthus annuuse0 - Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pbe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 10.1-15.5 mg kg⁻¹e1
- Qualifier
- for Pbe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Industrial soil amended with N fertilizer resulted in the highest accumulation of Pb and Cu (for Pb 10.1-15.5 mg kg⁻¹, for Cu 11.6-16.8 mg kg⁻¹) in the shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer in industrial soil gave the highest Cu accumulation in shoots (11.6-16.8 mg kg-1).
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pb and Cue1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 11.6-16.8 mg kg⁻¹e1
- Qualifier
- for Cue1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Industrial soil amended with N fertilizer resulted in the highest accumulation of Pb and Cu (for Pb 10.1-15.5 mg kg⁻¹, for Cu 11.6-16.8 mg kg⁻¹) in the shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot Pb and Cu accumulation was two to four times that in roots in all three plants.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Outcome
- accumulation of Pb and Cue1
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- two to four foldse2
- Comparator
- the concentration in rootse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Industrial soil amended with N fertilizer resulted in the highest accumulation of Pb and Cu (for Pb 10.1-15.5 mg kg⁻¹, for Cu 11.6-16.8 mg kg⁻¹) in the shoots”
e2“which was two to four folds higher relative to the concentration in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower removed significantly more Pb (50-54%) than amaranth and Indian mustard when nitrogen fertilizer was applied to industrial soil.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- application of N fertilizere1
- Compound
- Pbe1
- Outcome
- removede1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 50-54%e1
- Comparator
- amaranth and Indian mustarde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Sunflower removed significantly higher Pb (50-54%) and Cu (34-38%) followed by amaranth and Indian mustard from industrial soils with the application of N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower removed significantly more Cu (34-38%) than amaranth and Indian mustard when nitrogen fertilizer was applied to industrial soil.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- application of N fertilizere1
- Compound
- Cue1
- Outcome
- removede1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 34-38%e1
- Comparator
- amaranth and Indian mustarde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Sunflower removed significantly higher Pb (50-54%) and Cu (34-38%) followed by amaranth and Indian mustard from industrial soils with the application of N fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The transfer factor was below 1 in all three plant species.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- TFe1
- Value
- <1e1
- Qualifier
- regardless of plant speciese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“The TF was <1 while the shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratios of Pb and Cu were between 1.3-4.3 and 1.8-3.8, respectively, regardless of plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
The shoot-to-root concentration ratio of Pb was 1.3-4.3.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Compound
- Pbe1
- Outcome
- shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratiose1
- Value
- 1.3-4.3e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“The TF was <1 while the shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratios of Pb and Cu were between 1.3-4.3 and 1.8-3.8, respectively, regardless of plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
The shoot-to-root concentration ratio of Cu was 1.8-3.8.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Compound
- Cue1
- Outcome
- shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratiose1
- Value
- 1.8-3.8e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“The TF was <1 while the shoot and root concentration (SC/RC) ratios of Pb and Cu were between 1.3-4.3 and 1.8-3.8, respectively, regardless of plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower is recommended as the best species for phytoextraction of Pb and Cu.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- phytoextraction of Pb and Cue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower is the best plant species to carry out phytoextraction of Pb and Cu”
Claim · model-written summary
Pb and Cu removal by Indian mustard and amaranth shows potential as quick, short-duration vegetable crops.
- Taxon
- Indian mustard and amaranthAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceae0
- Outcome
- Pb and Cu removale0
- Qualifier
- great potential as quick and short duration vegetable cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb and Cu removal by Indian mustard and amaranth shows great potential as quick and short duration vegetable crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer is suggested as an effective amendment for phytoextraction of Pb and Cu from contaminated industrial soil.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- application of N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- phytoextraction of Pb and Cue1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“The results suggest that the application of N fertilizer in contaminated industrial soil is an effective amendment for the phytoextraction of Pb and Cu from contaminated industrial soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer lowered soil pH from 6.9 to 5.5.
- Taxon
- amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflowerAmaranthus caudatusBrassica junceaHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Addition of N fertilizere1
- Outcome
- pHe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 5.5e1
- Comparator
- an initial pH of 6.9e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“into amaranth, Indian mustard and sunflower”
e1“Addition of N fertilizer acidified the industrial soil and caused the pH to decrease to 5.5 from an initial pH of 6.9”
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- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.