Abstract
The influence of Al exposure on long-distance Ca2+ translocation from specific root zones (root apex or mature root) to the shoot was studied in intact seedlings of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (Al-tolerant Atlas 66 and Al-sensitive Scout 66). Seedlings were grown in 100 [mu]M CaCl2 solution (pH 4.5) for 3 d. Subsequently, a divided chamber technique using 45Ca2+-labeled solutions (100 [mu]M CaCl2 with or without 5 or 20 [mu]M AlCl3, pH 4.5) was used to study Ca2+ translocation from either the terminal 5 to 10 mm of the root or a 10-mm region of intact root approximately 50 mm behind the root apex. The Al concentrations used, which were toxic to Scout 66, caused a significant inhibition of Ca2+ translocation from the apical region of Scout 66 roots. The same Al exposures had a much smaller effect on root apical Ca2+ translocation in Atlas 66. When a 10-mm region of the mature root was exposed to 45Ca2+, smaller genotypic differences in the Al effects effects on Ca2+ translocation were observed, because the degree of Al-induced inhibition of Ca2+ translocation was less than that at the root apex. Exposure of the root apex to Al inhibited root elongation by 70 to 99% in Scout 66 but had a lesser effect (less than 40% inhibition) in Atlas 66. When a mature root region was exposed to Al, root elongation was not significantly affected in either cultivar. These results demonstrate that genotypic differences in Al-induced inhibition of Ca2+ translocation and root growth are localized primarily in the root apex. The pattern of Ca2+ translocation within the intact root was mainly basipetal, with most of the absorbed Ca2+ translocated toward the shoot. A small amount of acropetal Ca2+ translocation from the mature root regions to the apex was also observed, which accounted for less than 5% of the total Ca2+ translocation within the entire root. Because Ca2+ translocation toward the root apex is limited, most of the Ca2+ needed for normal cellular function in the apex must be absorbed from the external solution. Thus, continuous Al disruption of Ca2+ absorption into cells of the root apex could alter Ca2+ nutrition and homeostasis in these cells and could play a pivotal role in the mechanisms of Al toxicity in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum significantly inhibited apical root calcium translocation in Scout 66.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Scout 66e0
- Organ / stage
- apical regione0
- Treatment
- Al concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ translocation from the apical region of Scout 66 rootse0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al concentrations used, which were toxic to Scout 66, caused a significant inhibition of Ca2+ translocation from the apical region of Scout 66 roots.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same aluminum exposures had a much smaller effect on apical calcium translocation in Atlas 66.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Atlas 66e0
- Treatment
- Al exposurese0
- Outcome
- root apical Ca2+ translocatione0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- Scout 66e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The same Al exposures had a much smaller effect on root apical Ca2+ translocation in Atlas 66.”
e1“The Al concentrations used, which were toxic to Scout 66”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature-root aluminum effects on calcium translocation showed smaller genotype differences than root-apex effects.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- mature roote0
- Outcome
- genotypic differences in the Al effects effects on Ca2+ translocatione0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- root apexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When a 10-mm region of the mature root was exposed to 45Ca2+, smaller genotypic differences in the Al effects effects on Ca2+ translocation were observed, because the degree of Al-induced inhibition of Ca2+ translocation was less than that at the root apex.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum inhibited Scout 66 root elongation by 70 to 99%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Scout 66e0
- Organ / stage
- root apexe0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 70 to 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of the root apex to Al inhibited root elongation by 70 to 99% in Scout 66”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum inhibited Atlas 66 root elongation by less than 40%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Atlas 66e0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- root elongatione1
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- less than 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had a lesser effect (less than 40% inhibition) in Atlas 66.”
e1“root elongation by 70 to 99% in Scout 66”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum exposure to mature roots did not significantly affect root elongation in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- mature root regione0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When a mature root region was exposed to Al, root elongation was not significantly affected in either cultivar.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat calcium translocation was mainly basipetal toward the shoot.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ translocation within the intact roote0
- Direction
- basipetale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The pattern of Ca2+ translocation within the intact root was mainly basipetal, with most of the absorbed Ca2+ translocated toward the shoot.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Acropetal calcium movement from mature root to apex accounted for less than 5% of root calcium translocation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- acropetal Ca2+ translocation from the mature root regions to the apexe0
- Value
- less than 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A small amount of acropetal Ca2+ translocation from the mature root regions to the apex was also observed, which accounted for less than 5% of the total Ca2+ translocation within the entire root.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the apex must absorb most of its needed calcium externally because acropetal translocation is limited.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ needed for normal cellular function in the apexe0
- Qualifier
- Ca2+ translocation toward the root apex is limitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Because Ca2+ translocation toward the root apex is limited, most of the Ca2+ needed for normal cellular function in the apex must be absorbed from the external solution.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose aluminum disruption of apex calcium uptake as a possible toxicity mechanism.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Al disruption of Ca2+ absorptione0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ nutrition and homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- could play a pivotal rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous Al disruption of Ca2+ absorption into cells of the root apex could alter Ca2+ nutrition and homeostasis in these cells and could play a pivotal role in the mechanisms of Al toxicity in Al-sensitive wheat cultivars.”
t0“winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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