Abstract
Interactions between elevated [CO2] and soil water availability have the potential impact on crops and future food security of the world. The study was conducted to investigate vegetative growth response of soybeans under two [CO2] (380 and 800 μmol mol-1) with three soil moisture levels in controlled environment. Slow growth rate and altered crop phenology of soybeans were observed under elevated [CO2] at early stage (V-3/V-4), but showed positive physiologically response at later stage (R3) indicating adoptive mechanism of plants to high [CO2]. Elevated [CO2] decreases the number of leaves by 23% and 14% and reduces in leaf areas by 11.7% and 9.7% compared with ambient [CO2] at 29 and 44 days after planting (DAP), respectively. Adaptive mechanism of plants to high [CO2] produced 39% and 83.7% greater leaf number and leaf areas, respectively at later stage (R3) of the crop growth (59 DAP). There was a reduction in a specific leaf area (SLA) at 29 DAP (22.2%) but an increase at 44 DAP (1.4%) and 58 DAP (8.5%) under elevated [CO2]. Dry matter production of plants was increased significantly for elevated [CO2]. Increase in leaf C (12.98%) under elevated [CO2]. Elevated [CO2] with normal soil moisture condition produced a maximum number of pods (54.8% - 122.4%) and an increase in dry weight of pods (29.8% - 56.6%). Plants under elevated [CO2] produced significantly greater numbers of root nodules per plant by 114% compared with plants under ambient [CO2] at 44 DAP. These results show a direct and interactive effect of elevated [CO2] and soil moisture on plant growth that will affect not only the global food security but also nutritional security.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide slowed early soybean growth.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0 - Organ / stage
- early stage (V-3/V-4)e0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- Slow growth ratee0
- Direction
- Slowe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slow growth rate and altered crop phenology of soybeans were observed under elevated [CO2] at early stage (V-3/V-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide altered soybean early phenology.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- early stage (V-3/V-4)e0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- altered crop phenologye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“altered crop phenology of soybeans were observed under elevated [CO2] at early stage (V-3/V-4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide reduced leaf number by 23% at 29 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Qualifier
- 29e0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] decreases the number of leaves by 23% and 14% and reduces in leaf areas by 11.7% and 9.7% compared with ambient [CO2] at 29 and 44 days after planting (DAP), respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide reduced leaf number by 14% at 44 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Qualifier
- 44 days after planting (DAP)e0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] decreases the number of leaves by 23% and 14% and reduces in leaf areas by 11.7% and 9.7% compared with ambient [CO2] at 29 and 44 days after planting (DAP), respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide reduced leaf area by 11.7% at 29 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- leaf arease0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 11.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 29e0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] decreases the number of leaves by 23% and 14% and reduces in leaf areas by 11.7% and 9.7% compared with ambient [CO2] at 29 and 44 days after planting (DAP), respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide reduced leaf area by 9.7% at 44 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- leaf arease0
- Direction
- reducese0
- Value
- 9.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 44 days after planting (DAP)e0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] decreases the number of leaves by 23% and 14% and reduces in leaf areas by 11.7% and 9.7% compared with ambient [CO2] at 29 and 44 days after planting (DAP), respectively.”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 59 days elevated carbon dioxide increased leaf number by 39%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- high [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- leaf numbere0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Qualifier
- 59 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adaptive mechanism of plants to high [CO2] produced 39% and 83.7% greater leaf number and leaf areas, respectively at later stage (R3) of the crop growth (59 DAP).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 59 days elevated carbon dioxide increased leaf area by 83.7%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- high [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- leaf arease0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 83.7%e0
- Qualifier
- 59 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adaptive mechanism of plants to high [CO2] produced 39% and 83.7% greater leaf number and leaf areas, respectively at later stage (R3) of the crop growth (59 DAP).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area decreased by 22.2% at 29 days under elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area (SLA)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 22.2%e0
- Qualifier
- 29 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a reduction in a specific leaf area (SLA) at 29 DAP (22.2%) but an increase at 44 DAP (1.4%) and 58 DAP (8.5%) under elevated [CO2].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area increased by 1.4% at 44 days under elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area (SLA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.4%e0
- Qualifier
- 44 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a reduction in a specific leaf area (SLA) at 29 DAP (22.2%) but an increase at 44 DAP (1.4%) and 58 DAP (8.5%) under elevated [CO2].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area increased by 8.5% at 58 days under elevated carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- specific leaf area (SLA)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8.5%e0
- Qualifier
- 58 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a reduction in a specific leaf area (SLA) at 29 DAP (22.2%) but an increase at 44 DAP (1.4%) and 58 DAP (8.5%) under elevated [CO2].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide significantly increased plant dry matter.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- Dry matter productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter production of plants was increased significantly for elevated [CO2].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide increased leaf carbon by 12.98%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increase in leaf C (12.98%) under elevated [CO2].”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide with normal soil moisture maximized pod number by 54.8%–122.4%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2] with normal soil moisture conditione0
- Outcome
- number of podse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 54.8% - 122.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] with normal soil moisture condition produced a maximum number of pods (54.8% - 122.4%) and an increase in dry weight of pods (29.8% - 56.6%).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide with normal soil moisture increased pod dry weight by 29.8%–56.6%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Elevated [CO2] with normal soil moisture conditione0
- Outcome
- dry weight of podse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 29.8% - 56.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated [CO2] with normal soil moisture condition produced a maximum number of pods (54.8% - 122.4%) and an increase in dry weight of pods (29.8% - 56.6%).”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide increased root nodules per plant by 114% at 44 days.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO2]e0
- Outcome
- numbers of root nodules per plante0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 114%e0
- Qualifier
- 44 DAPe0
- Comparator
- ambient [CO2]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants under elevated [CO2] produced significantly greater numbers of root nodules per plant by 114% compared with plants under ambient [CO2] at 44 DAP.”
t0“Soybean”
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