Abstract
Although it is well known that the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP function inside the cell to regulate intracellular signaling processes, recent evidence from animal studies suggests that NAD(P) also functions in the extracellular compartment (ECC). Extracellular NAD(P) [eNAD(P)] can either directly bind to plasma membrane receptors or be metabolized by ecto-enzymes to produce cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and/or may ADP-ribosylate cell-surface receptors, resulting in activation of transmembrane signaling. In this study, we report that, in plants, exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. Chelation of Ca(2+) by EGTA significantly inhibits the induction of PR genes by exogenous NAD(P), suggesting that exogenous NAD(P) may induce PR genes through a pathway that involves Ca(2+) signaling. We show that exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), and induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression and disease resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection, and that the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance. We propose that NAD(P) leakage from cells losing membrane integrity upon environmental stress may function as an elicitor to activate plant defense responses. Our data provide evidence that eNAD(P) functions in plant signaling, and illustrate the potential importance of eNAD(P) in plant innate immunity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAD(P) induced PR gene expression in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- exogenous NAD(P)e0
- Outcome
- expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genese0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAD(P) induced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- exogenous NAD(P)e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326e0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326”
Claim · model-written summary
EGTA significantly inhibited NAD(P) induction of PR genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Chelation of Ca(2+) by EGTAe0
- Compound
- Ca(2+)e0
- Outcome
- induction of PR genese0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“Chelation of Ca(2+) by EGTA significantly inhibits the induction of PR genes by exogenous NAD(P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAD(P) caused salicylic acid accumulation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of NAD(P)e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAD(P) induced both SA/NPR1 dependent and independent PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- PR gene expressione0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAD(P) induced both SA/NPR1 dependent and independent disease resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of NAD(P)e0
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), and induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression and disease resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
NAD(P) leaked into the plant extracellular compartment after mechanical wounding.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- mechanical woundinge0
- Outcome
- NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECCe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection”
Claim · model-written summary
NAD(P) leaked into the plant extracellular compartment after pathogen infection.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- pathogen infectione0
- Outcome
- NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECCe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection”
Claim · model-written summary
NAD(P) leakage after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection was sufficient to induce PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- induction of both PR gene expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
NAD(P) leakage after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection was sufficient to induce disease resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arabidopsis”
e0“the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance”
The same questions in other papers
NADP · disease · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
calcium(2+) · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.