Abstract
1. Under ordinary environmental conditions of temperature and sunlight the growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding, even when each plant receives a similar supply of food and water. Not only is less dry weight produced, but the pods become thin and distorted and fail to develop their seeds properly. Growth tends to be depressed in hot sunny weather when no protection is afforded. The chief detrimental factors concerned appear to be high temperatures at the roots associated with strong and prolonged sunshine, though the two factors acting individually are much less potent for harm. Under these conditions crowding shelters the roots from overheating and the leaves from too much sunlight, and up to a certain point crowded plants make better growth than those spaced well apart. Overcrowding, however, still depresses growth, probably because the light and root temperature reductions are too great. Provided insolation is not excessive the amount of daily fluctuation of root temperature over a total range of about 22oC. (6–7-28-9oC.) has comparatively little influence upon growth; high maxima and low minima give similar results to low maxima and relatively high minima, provided the average mean temperatures are not too dissimilar. With high root temperatures a difference in the degree of insolation or in the angle of incidence of the sun's rays may have a considerable influence on growth, a slight easing off of the solar conditions enabling much better growth to be made. With very strong sunshine reduction of high maximum root temperatures (from 29oC. upwards) allows of satisfactory growth, when unprotected plants are rapidly killed. The inhibitory action of too high temperatures at the roots is thus clearly shown. Nevertheless, the growth so made is less good than under more normal conditions of insolation, thus demonstrating the harmful action of too powerful sunlight, when all the root temperatures rule high. Boot temperatures appear to be of greater importance than atmospheric temperatures, as good growth can be made in hot atmospheres provided the roots are kept relatively cool. There is some reason to believe that the minima are of as much importance as the maxima, i.e. that plants can withstand very high maximum temperatures provided there is a considerable drop to the minima, but cannot put up with the constant conditions of heat induced by fairly high maxima, and high minima
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Overcrowding hindered pea growth.
- Taxon
- peas
Lathyrus oleraceuse1 - Treatment
- overcrowdinge0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- hinderede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Overcrowding reduced dry weight.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- overcrowdinge3
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Not only is less dry weight produced”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Overcrowding distorted pods and impeded seed development.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- overcrowdinge3
- Outcome
- growthe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pods become thin and distorted and fail to develop their seeds properly”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Unprotected hot sunny weather depressed growth.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- hot sunny weathere0
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth tends to be depressed in hot sunny weather when no protection is afforded”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate crowding improved growth relative to wide spacing under hot conditions.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- crowded plantse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crowded plants make better growth than those spaced well apart”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive crowding depressed growth.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- Overcrowdinge0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- depressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overcrowding, however, still depresses growth”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily root-temperature variation had little influence on growth when sunlight was not excessive.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- daily fluctuation of root temperaturee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- little influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“daily fluctuation of root temperature over a total range of about 22oC. (6–7-28-9oC.) has comparatively little influence upon growth”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing insolation with hot roots improved growth.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- easing off of the solar conditionse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a slight easing off of the solar conditions enabling much better growth to be made”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing high root-temperature maxima permitted growth under strong sunshine.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- reduction of high maximum root temperatures (from 29oC. upwards)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- satisfactorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduction of high maximum root temperatures (from 29oC. upwards) allows of satisfactory growth, when unprotected plants are rapidly killed”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth under strong sunshine remained poorer than under normal insolation.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- very strong sunshinee2
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- less goode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“growth so made is less good than under more normal conditions of insolation”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
Claim · model-written summary
Cool roots allowed good growth in hot air.
- Taxon
- peasLathyrus oleraceuse1
- Treatment
- roots are kept relatively coole0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- goode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“good growth can be made in hot atmospheres provided the roots are kept relatively cool”
e1“growth of peas, as of barley”
e2“very strong sunshine”
e3“growth of peas, as of barley, is seriously hindered by overcrowding”
The same questions in other papers
climate site · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.