Abstract
For many long-day plants (LDP), adding far red light (FR, 700 to 800 nm) to red light (R, 600 to 700 nm) to extend the day or interrupt the night promotes extension growth and flowering. Blue light (B, 400 to 500 nm) independently inhibits extension growth, but its effect on flowering is not well described. Here, we determined how R-, FR-, or B-deficient (R d , FR d , or B d , respectively) photoperiods influenced stem extension and flowering in five LDP species: Campanula carpatica Jacq., Coreopsi × grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet, Lobelia × speciosa Sweet, Pisum sativum L., and Viola × wittrockiana Gams. Plants were exposed to R d , FR d , B d , or normal (control) 16-hour photoperiods, each of which had a similar photosynthetic (400 to 700 nm) photon flux. Compared with that of the control, the R d environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. × grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 31%). The FR d environment suppressed extension growth in C. × grandiflora (by 21%), P. sativum (by 17%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 14%). Independent of the R: FR ratio, the B d environment promoted stem extension (by 10% to 100%) in all species, but there was little or no effect on flowering percentage and time to flower. Extension growth was generally linearly related to the incident wide band (100 nm) R: FR ratio or estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium except when B light was specifically reduced. A high R: FR ratio (i.e., under the FR d filter) delayed flower initiation (but not development) in C. carpatica and C. × grandiflora and inhibited flower development (but not initiation) in V .× wittrockiana . Therefore, B light and the R: FR ratio independently regulate extension growth by varying magnitudes in LDP, and in some species, an FR d environment can suppress flower initiation or development.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
R d promoted extension growth in C. carpatica by 65% against control.
- Taxon
- C. carpatica
Campanula carpaticae0 - Treatment
- R d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with that of the control, the R d environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. × grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 31%).”
Claim · model-written summary
R d promoted extension growth in C. × grandiflora by 26% against control.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with that of the control, the R d environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. × grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 31%).”
Claim · model-written summary
R d promoted extension growth in P. sativum by 23% against control.
- Taxon
- P. sativum
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Treatment
- R d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 23%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with that of the control, the R d environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. × grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 31%).”
Claim · model-written summary
R d promoted extension growth in V. × wittrockiana by 31% against control.
- Taxon
- V. × wittrockiana
Viola ×wittrockianae0 - Treatment
- R d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with that of the control, the R d environment promoted extension growth in C. carpatica (by 65%), C. × grandiflora (by 26%), P. sativum (by 23%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 31%).”
Claim · model-written summary
FR d suppressed extension growth in C. × grandiflora by 21%.
- Taxon
- C. × grandiflorae0
- Treatment
- FR d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The FR d environment suppressed extension growth in C. × grandiflora (by 21%), P. sativum (by 17%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 14%).”
Claim · model-written summary
FR d suppressed extension growth in P. sativum by 17%.
- Taxon
- P. sativumLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- FR d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FR d environment suppressed extension growth in C. × grandiflora (by 21%), P. sativum (by 17%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 14%).”
Claim · model-written summary
FR d suppressed extension growth in V. × wittrockiana by 14%.
- Taxon
- V. × wittrockianaViola ×wittrockianae0
- Treatment
- FR d environmente0
- Outcome
- extension growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The FR d environment suppressed extension growth in C. × grandiflora (by 21%), P. sativum (by 17%), and V. × wittrockiana (by 14%).”
Claim · model-written summary
B d promoted stem extension by 10% to 100% in all five long-day species.
- Taxon
- Long-day Plantst0
- Treatment
- B d environmente0
- Outcome
- stem extensione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 10% to 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the B d environment promoted stem extension (by 10% to 100%) in all species”
t0“Long-day Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
B d had little or no effect on flowering percentage and time to flower.
- Taxon
- Long-day Plantst0
- Treatment
- B d environmente1
- Outcome
- flowering percentage and time to flowere0
- Direction
- little or no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“but there was little or no effect on flowering percentage and time to flower.”
e1“the B d environment”
t0“Long-day Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Extension growth was generally linearly related to R: FR ratio or estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium except with reduced B light.
- Taxon
- Long-day Plantst0
- Treatment
- B lighte0
- Outcome
- Extension growthe0
- Qualifier
- except when B light was specifically reducede0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Extension growth was generally linearly related to the incident wide band (100 nm) R: FR ratio or estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium except when B light was specifically reduced.”
t0“Long-day Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
A high R: FR ratio delayed flower initiation in C. carpatica.
- Taxon
- C. carpaticaCampanula carpaticae0
- Treatment
- A high R: FR ratioe0
- Outcome
- flower initiatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- but not developmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high R: FR ratio (i.e., under the FR d filter) delayed flower initiation (but not development) in C. carpatica and C. × grandiflora and inhibited flower development (but not initiation) in V .× wittrockiana .”
Claim · model-written summary
A high R: FR ratio delayed flower initiation in C. × grandiflora.
- Taxon
- C. × grandiflorae0
- Treatment
- A high R: FR ratioe0
- Outcome
- flower initiatione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- but not developmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“A high R: FR ratio (i.e., under the FR d filter) delayed flower initiation (but not development) in C. carpatica and C. × grandiflora and inhibited flower development (but not initiation) in V .× wittrockiana .”
Claim · model-written summary
A high R: FR ratio inhibited flower development in V .× wittrockiana.
- Taxon
- V .× wittrockianaViola ×wittrockianae0
- Treatment
- A high R: FR ratioe0
- Outcome
- flower developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- but not initiatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A high R: FR ratio (i.e., under the FR d filter) delayed flower initiation (but not development) in C. carpatica and C. × grandiflora and inhibited flower development (but not initiation) in V .× wittrockiana .”
The same questions in other papers
climate site · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.