Abstract
Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing). Elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis by up to 40%, with an increase in conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation of 30% (from 1–66 to 2–16 g MJ−1) in well-irrigated conditions, and 94% (from 0–64 to 1·24 g MJ−1) on a drying soil profile. In plants well supplied with water, elevated CO2 increased dry matter accumulation by 16% (from 13·79 to 16·03 t −1 ) and pod yield by 25% (from 2·7 to 3·4t ha−1). However, the harvest index (total poddry weight/above-ground dry weight) was unaffected by CO2 treatment. The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 were enhanced under severe water stress, dry matter production increased by 112% (from 4·13 to 8·87 t ha−1) and a pod yield of 1·34t ha−1 was obtained in elevated CO2, whereas comparable plotsat 350 ppmv CO2 only yielded 0·22 t ha-1. There was a corresponding decrease in harvest index from 0·15 to 0·05. Following the withholding of irrigation, plants growing on a stored soil water profile in elevated CO2 could maintain significantly less negative leaf water potentials (P<0·01) for the remainder of the season than comparable plants grown in ambient CO2, allowing prolonged plant activity during drought. In plants which were well supplied with water, allocation of dry matter between leaves, stems, roots, and pods was similar in both CO2 treatments. On a drying soil profile, allocation in plants grown in 350 ppmv CO2 changed in favour of root development far earlier in the season than plants grown at 700 ppmv CO2, indicating that severe waterstress was reached earlier at 350 ppmv CO2. The primary effects of elevated CO2 on growth and yield of groundnut stands weremediated by an increase in the conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation and the prolonged maintenance of higher leaf water potentials during increasing drought stress.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis in groundnut by up to 40% relative to 350 ppmv.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- Elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- maximum rate of net photosynthesise1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 40%e1
- Qualifier
- up toe1
- Comparator
- 350 ppmve0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e1“Elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis by up to 40%, with an increase in conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation of 30% (from 1–66 to 2–16 g MJ−1) in well-irrigated conditions, and 94% (from 0–64 to 1·24 g MJ−1) on a drying soil profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation by 30% in well-irrigated groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- conversion coefficient for intercepted radiatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 30%e1
- Qualifier
- in well-irrigated conditionse1
- Comparator
- 350 ppmve0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e1“Elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis by up to 40%, with an increase in conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation of 30% (from 1–66 to 2–16 g MJ−1) in well-irrigated conditions, and 94% (from 0–64 to 1·24 g MJ−1) on a drying soil profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased the conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation by 94% on a drying soil profile.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO2e1
- Outcome
- conversion coefficient for intercepted radiatione1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 94%e1
- Qualifier
- on a drying soil profilee1
- Comparator
- 350 ppmve0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e1“Elevated CO2 increased the maximum rate of net photosynthesis by up to 40%, with an increase in conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation of 30% (from 1–66 to 2–16 g MJ−1) in well-irrigated conditions, and 94% (from 0–64 to 1·24 g MJ−1) on a drying soil profile”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased dry matter accumulation by 16% in well-watered groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 16%e2
- Qualifier
- well supplied with watere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e2“In plants well supplied with water, elevated CO2 increased dry matter accumulation by 16% (from 13·79 to 16·03 t −1 ) and pod yield by 25% (from 2·7 to 3·4t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased pod yield by 25% in well-watered groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e2
- Outcome
- pod yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 25%e2
- Qualifier
- well supplied with watere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e2“In plants well supplied with water, elevated CO2 increased dry matter accumulation by 16% (from 13·79 to 16·03 t −1 ) and pod yield by 25% (from 2·7 to 3·4t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water stress, elevated CO2 increased dry matter production by 112% in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- dry matter productione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 112%e3
- Qualifier
- severe water stresse3
- Comparator
- 350 ppmve3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e3“The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 were enhanced under severe water stress, dry matter production increased by 112% (from 4·13 to 8·87 t ha−1) and a pod yield of 1·34t ha−1 was obtained in elevated CO2, whereas comparable plotsat 350 ppmv CO2 only yielded 0·22 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water stress, elevated CO2 gave higher groundnut pod yield (1·34t ha−1) than 350 ppmv CO2 (0·22 t ha-1).
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e3
- Outcome
- pod yielde3
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 1·34t ha−1e3
- Qualifier
- 0·22 t ha-1e3
- Comparator
- 350 ppmv CO2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e3“The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 were enhanced under severe water stress, dry matter production increased by 112% (from 4·13 to 8·87 t ha−1) and a pod yield of 1·34t ha−1 was obtained in elevated CO2, whereas comparable plotsat 350 ppmv CO2 only yielded 0·22 t ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index was unaffected by CO2 treatment in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- CO2 treatmente4
- Outcome
- harvest indexe4
- Direction
- unaffectede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e4“However, the harvest index (total poddry weight/above-ground dry weight) was unaffected by CO2 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Under severe water stress, harvest index decreased from 0·15 to 0·05 in groundnut.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- severe water stresse3
- Outcome
- harvest indexe5
- Direction
- decreasee5
- Value
- from 0·15 to 0·05e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e3“The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 were enhanced under severe water stress, dry matter production increased by 112% (from 4·13 to 8·87 t ha−1) and a pod yield of 1·34t ha−1 was obtained in elevated CO2, whereas comparable plotsat 350 ppmv CO2 only yielded 0·22 t ha-1”
e5“There was a corresponding decrease in harvest index from 0·15 to 0·05”
Claim · model-written summary
After withholding irrigation, elevated CO2 maintained significantly less negative leaf water potentials than ambient CO2 for the rest of the season.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- withholding of irrigatione6
- Outcome
- leaf water potentialse6
- Direction
- less negativee6
- Qualifier
- P<0·01e6
- Comparator
- ambient CO2e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e6“Following the withholding of irrigation, plants growing on a stored soil water profile in elevated CO2 could maintain significantly less negative leaf water potentials (P<0·01) for the remainder of the season than comparable plants grown in ambient CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
In well-watered groundnut, dry matter allocation among leaves, stems, roots and pods was similar under both CO2 treatments.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- CO2 treatmentse7
- Outcome
- allocation of dry matter between leaves, stems, roots, and podse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Qualifier
- well supplied with watere7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e7“In plants which were well supplied with water, allocation of dry matter between leaves, stems, roots, and pods was similar in both CO2 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
On a drying soil profile, groundnut at 350 ppmv CO2 shifted dry matter allocation towards root development earlier than at 700 ppmv CO2.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- drying soil profilee7
- Outcome
- allocatione7
- Direction
- changed in favour of root developmente7
- Qualifier
- severe waterstress was reached earlier at 350 ppmv CO2e7
- Comparator
- 700 ppmv CO2e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e7“On a drying soil profile, allocation in plants grown in 350 ppmv CO2 changed in favour of root development far earlier in the season than plants grown at 700 ppmv CO2, indicating that severe waterstress was reached earlier at 350 ppmv CO2”
Claim · model-written summary
The primary effects of elevated CO2 on groundnut growth and yield are mediated by a higher conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation and prolonged maintenance of higher leaf water potentials.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Outcome
- growth and yield of groundnut standse7
- Qualifier
- an increase in the conversion coefficient for intercepted radiatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stands of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a C3 legume, were grown in controlled-environment glasshouses at 28 °C (±5°C) under two levels of atmospheric CO2 (350 ppmv or 700 ppmv) and two levels of soil moisture (irrigated weekly or no water from 35 d after sowing)”
e7“The primary effects of elevated CO2 on growth and yield of groundnut stands weremediated by an increase in the conversion coefficient for intercepted radiation and the prolonged maintenance of higher leaf water potentials during increasing drought stress”
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