Abstract
1. Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima in either a dispersed pattern (half of every leaf removed) or a concentrated pattern (every other leaf removed) and effects on leaf gas exchange, vegetative growth and flowering were examined relative to undefoliated controls. Gas exchange was measured for leaves remaining after defoliation and for regrowth leaves that developed post‐damage (at 7, 16 and 26 days post‐defoliation). 2. Area‐based photosynthetic rates of leaves remaining after defoliation were not affected by either dispersed or concentrated damage, but damage of both types enhanced area‐based photosynthesis of regrowth leaves at 16 days post‐defoliation and to a lesser extent at 26 days post‐defoliation. 3. Dispersed damage, but not concentrated damage, stimulated mass‐based photosynthesis of undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation. Undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation and regrowth leaves on damaged plants had higher specific leaf area (leaf area/leaf mass) than comparable leaves on control plants. Mass‐based photosynthesis was more strongly elevated by defoliation than area‐based photosynthesis because of this increase in specific leaf area. 4. Plants with dispersed damage recovered more quickly from defoliation; they had higher relative growth rates in the first week post‐defoliation than plants with concentrated damage. Both types of defoliation caused similar reductions in flower production. 5. These results add to accumulating evidence that dispersed damage is generally less detrimental to plants than concentrated damage and suggest that physiological changes in leaves may be part of the reason.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Area-based photosynthetic rates of leaves remaining after defoliation were not affected by dispersed or concentrated damage.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissima
Solidago altissimae0 - Organ / stage
- leaves remaining after defoliatione1
- Treatment
- dispersed or concentrated damagee1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratese1
- Direction
- not affectede1
- Comparator
- undefoliated controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Area‐based photosynthetic rates of leaves remaining after defoliation were not affected by either dispersed or concentrated damage”
e2“relative to undefoliated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage of both types enhanced area-based photosynthesis of regrowth leaves at 16 days after defoliation.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Organ / stage
- regrowth leavese1
- Treatment
- damage of both typese1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- at 16 dayse1
- Comparator
- undefoliated controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“damage of both types enhanced area‐based photosynthesis of regrowth leaves at 16 days post‐defoliation”
e2“relative to undefoliated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Damage of both types enhanced area-based photosynthesis of regrowth leaves at 26 days after defoliation, to a lesser extent than at 16 days.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Organ / stage
- regrowth leavese1
- Treatment
- damage of both typese1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente2
- Comparator
- undefoliated controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“damage of both types enhanced area‐based photosynthesis of regrowth leaves at 16 days post‐defoliation”
e2“and to a lesser extent at 26 days post‐defoliation”
e3“relative to undefoliated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Dispersed damage, but not concentrated damage, stimulated photosynthesis of undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Organ / stage
- undamaged leaves remaining after defoliatione1
- Treatment
- Dispersed damagee1
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Comparator
- concentrated damagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Dispersed damage, but not concentrated damage, stimulated mass‐based photosynthesis of undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation”
Claim · model-written summary
Undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation and regrowth leaves had higher specific leaf area than comparable leaves on control plants.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Organ / stage
- regrowth leavese1
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Undamaged leaves remaining after defoliation and regrowth leaves on damaged plants had higher specific leaf area (leaf area/leaf mass) than comparable leaves on control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation elevated mass-based photosynthesis more strongly than area-based photosynthesis, because of the increase in specific leaf area.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise1
- Qualifier
- because of this increase in specific leaf areae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Mass‐based photosynthesis was more strongly elevated by defoliation than area‐based photosynthesis because of this increase in specific leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants with dispersed damage had higher relative growth rates in the first week after defoliation than plants with concentrated damage.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Treatment
- dispersed damagee1
- Outcome
- relative growth ratese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- in the first weeke1
- Comparator
- concentrated damagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Plants with dispersed damage recovered more quickly from defoliation; they had higher relative growth rates in the first week post‐defoliation than plants with concentrated damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants with dispersed damage recovered more quickly from defoliation.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Treatment
- dispersed damagee1
- Outcome
- recoverede1
- Direction
- more quicklye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Plants with dispersed damage recovered more quickly from defoliation; they had higher relative growth rates in the first week post‐defoliation than plants with concentrated damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Both types of defoliation caused similar reductions in flower production.
- Taxon
- Solidago altissimaSolidago altissimae0
- Treatment
- defoliatione1
- Outcome
- flower productione1
- Direction
- reductionse1
- Comparator
- undefoliated controlse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area was removed from Solidago altissima”
e1“Both types of defoliation caused similar reductions in flower production”
e2“relative to undefoliated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Dispersed damage is generally less detrimental to plants than concentrated damage.
Verbatim
e0“dispersed damage is generally less detrimental to plants than concentrated damage”