Abstract
Summary Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria. In Expts 1 and 2, conducted in consecutive years, the effects of rate and date of sowing on seed yield and its components were measured, while in Expt 3, the residual seed under summer grazing was monitored. In all three experiments seed permeability was observed at frequent intervals in summer and autumn. Selected ecotypes of three native medics ( Medicago rigidula (L.) All., M. rotata Boiss. and M. noeana Boiss.) were compared with cultivars of M. truncatula Gaertn. and M. polymorpha (L.). Seed production was greatest at sowing rates of 20–40 kg/ha. The native species produced more seed (up to 1000 kg/ha) than the cultivars (less than 500 kg/ha), although not significantly so in the case of the late-flowering ecotype of M. noeana . Seed yields of 500–1000 kg/ha were considered to be sufficient to perpetuate the pastures, but even higher seed yields are desirable. Seed yield was closely related to number of pods in all ecotypes and, in Expt 2, up to 95% of flowers failed to produce mature pods. Flowers were more likely to mature at high sowing rate (256 kg/ha), in striking contrast to flower production itself which was greatest at sowing rates of less than 30 kg/ha. Flowers produced early in the season (before mid-April) were far more likely to give mature pods than late-produced flowers. In late October, seeds of the native species were less permeable (10%) than those of the cultivars (30%), although their permeability was similar to that of the cultivars in Australia. In the three experiments the seasonal pattern of permeability varied, although there was a tendency for seeds to gain permeability in autumn. In Expt 1 there was a strong suggestion that the change from impermeability to permeability was reversible. Ewes grazing mature pods gained weight, apparently as long as pod availability exceeded 10 kg/ha. It was clear that the condition of ewes was not a good guide to appropriate stocking rate for persistence of pastures, and that farmers will have to use other methods to assist them in grazing management.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production of annual medics was greatest at sowing rates of 20–40 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- sowing rates of 20–40 kg/hae1
- Outcome
- Seed productione1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Setting
- Tel Hadya in north Syriae0
MedicagoNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“Seed production was greatest at sowing rates of 20–40 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Native medic species produced more seed (up to 1000 kg/ha) than cultivars (less than 500 kg/ha).
- Outcome
- seede2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- up to 1000 kg/hae2
- Qualifier
- less than 500 kg/hae2
- Comparator
- cultivarse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e2“The native species produced more seed (up to 1000 kg/ha) than the cultivars (less than 500 kg/ha), although not significantly so in the case of the late-flowering ecotype of M. noeana”
Claim · model-written summary
In the late-flowering ecotype of M. noeana, the native-versus-cultivar difference in seed production was not significant.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e2“The native species produced more seed (up to 1000 kg/ha) than the cultivars (less than 500 kg/ha), although not significantly so in the case of the late-flowering ecotype of M. noeana”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yields of 500–1000 kg/ha were considered sufficient to perpetuate the pastures.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e3“Seed yields of 500–1000 kg/ha were considered to be sufficient to perpetuate the pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield in all ecotypes was closely related to the number of pods.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e4“Seed yield was closely related to number of pods in all ecotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 95% of flowers failed to produce mature pods in Expt 2.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e5“in Expt 2, up to 95% of flowers failed to produce mature pods”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers were more likely to mature at a high sowing rate (256 kg/ha).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e6“Flowers were more likely to mature at high sowing rate (256 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower production was greatest at sowing rates of less than 30 kg/ha.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e7“flower production itself which was greatest at sowing rates of less than 30 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowers produced early in the season (before mid-April) were far more likely to give mature pods than late-produced flowers.
- Treatment
- early in the season (before mid-April)e1
- Outcome
- mature podse1
- Direction
- far more likelye1
- Comparator
- late-produced flowerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“Flowers produced early in the season (before mid-April) were far more likely to give mature pods than late-produced flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
In late October, seeds of native medic species were less permeable (10%) than those of cultivars (30%).
- Material
- native speciese1
- Outcome
- permeablee1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- 10%e1
- Qualifier
- than those of the cultivars (30%)e1
- Comparator
- cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“In late October, seeds of the native species were less permeable (10%) than those of the cultivars (30%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed permeability of native medic species was similar to that of cultivars in Australia.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“although their permeability was similar to that of the cultivars in Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds tended to gain permeability in autumn.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“although there was a tendency for seeds to gain permeability in autumn”
Claim · model-written summary
In Expt 1 there was a strong suggestion that the change from impermeability to permeability was reversible.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“In Expt 1 there was a strong suggestion that the change from impermeability to permeability was reversible”
Claim · model-written summary
Ewes grazing mature pods gained weight, apparently as long as pod availability exceeded 10 kg/ha.
- Treatment
- grazing mature podse1
- Interactor
- Ewese1herbivore
- Outcome
- weighte1
- Direction
- gainede1
- Qualifier
- apparently as long as pod availability exceeded 10 kg/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“Ewes grazing mature pods gained weight, apparently as long as pod availability exceeded 10 kg/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
The condition of ewes was not a good guide to an appropriate stocking rate for pasture persistence.
- Interactor
- ewese1herbivore
- Outcome
- condition of ewes was not a good guide to appropriate stocking ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“It was clear that the condition of ewes was not a good guide to appropriate stocking rate for persistence of pastures”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers will need other methods to assist grazing management of medic pastures.
- Outcome
- other methods to assist them in grazing managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three experiments which measured seed production and seed survival of annual medics ( Medicago spp.) were conducted at Tel Hadya in north Syria”
e1“farmers will have to use other methods to assist them in grazing management”