Abstract
Abstract Coconut-based farming systems are the tradition of tropical and subtropical regions. But, using patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco)] as an intercrop under coconut is of comparatively recent adoption and no information is absolutely available on the possibility of improving the quality of patchouli through better nutrient supply. A field experiment was, therefore, carried out using different sources of organic manures (M0–control, M1–FYM farmyard manure 20 tonnes ha−1, M2–pig manure 10 tonnes ha−1 and M3–vermicompost 5 tonnes ha−1) versus inorganic fertilizers (No–control, N1 - 60 kg ha−1, N2–80 kg ha−1, and N3–100 kg ha−1) within the interspaces of the coconut plantation on soil taxonomically classified as Orchic Hapludalf under humid tropics of northeast India. Application of treatment M3 alone produced maximum biomass of leaves (11.24 tonnes ha−1) followed by M2 (10.82 tonnes ha−1), and M1 (9.54 tonnes ha−1), all of which were significantly (P < 0.05) superior over M0 (7.54 tonnes ha−1). Among the various levels of nitrogen (N), maximum biomass yield of leaves was observed with N3 (11.63 tonnes ha−1) ≥ N2 (11.64 tonnes ha−1), followed by N1(8.96 tonnes ha−1) with the highest yield (19.97 tonnes ha−1) registered through the combination of M3N3. Treatment combination M3N3 in turn maintained higher fungal (118 × 102 vs. 31 × 102 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil) and bacterial populations (48 × 105 vs. 31 × 103 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil) for better nutrient acquisition through improvements in the concentration of soil available nutrients. These responses consequently improved the oil concentration in leaves (3.65% with M3N3 vs. 2.40% with M0N0) and alcohol (49.90% with M3N3 vs. 44.52% in M0N0) as quality indices. This research verified that the quality of patchouli leaves as an intercrop was raised, besides improving coconut yield (40–55 nuts palm−1) as main crop, when utilizing combined treatments of vermicompost enriched with inorganic N under coconut-patchouli farming systems. Keywords: nitrogenoil and alcohol contentorganic manurespatchoulisoil fertilityyield
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost alone produced the greatest patchouli leaf biomass among manure treatments, 11.24 tonnes ha−1.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULI
Pogostemon cablint0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- M3–vermicompost 5 tonnes ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass of leavese0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.24 tonnes ha−1e0
- Comparator
- M0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Application of treatment M3 alone produced maximum biomass of leaves (11.24 tonnes ha−1) followed by M2 (10.82 tonnes ha−1), and M1 (9.54 tonnes ha−1), all of which were significantly (P < 0.05) superior over M0 (7.54 tonnes ha−1).”
e1“M3–vermicompost 5 tonnes ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure produced 10.82 tonnes ha−1 patchouli leaf biomass, significantly above the control.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M2–pig manure 10 tonnes ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass of leavese0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 10.82 tonnes ha−1e0
- Comparator
- M0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Application of treatment M3 alone produced maximum biomass of leaves (11.24 tonnes ha−1) followed by M2 (10.82 tonnes ha−1), and M1 (9.54 tonnes ha−1), all of which were significantly (P < 0.05) superior over M0 (7.54 tonnes ha−1).”
e1“M2–pig manure 10 tonnes ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure produced 9.54 tonnes ha−1 patchouli leaf biomass, significantly above the control.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M1–FYM farmyard manure 20 tonnes ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass of leavese0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 9.54 tonnes ha−1e0
- Comparator
- M0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Application of treatment M3 alone produced maximum biomass of leaves (11.24 tonnes ha−1) followed by M2 (10.82 tonnes ha−1), and M1 (9.54 tonnes ha−1), all of which were significantly (P < 0.05) superior over M0 (7.54 tonnes ha−1).”
e1“M1–FYM farmyard manure 20 tonnes ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The N3 nitrogen level yielded 11.63 tonnes ha−1 patchouli leaves.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- N3–100 kg ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass yield of leavese0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.63 tonnes ha−1e0
- Comparator
- N1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Among the various levels of nitrogen (N), maximum biomass yield of leaves was observed with N3 (11.63 tonnes ha−1) ≥ N2 (11.64 tonnes ha−1), followed by N1(8.96 tonnes ha−1)”
e1“N3–100 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The N2 nitrogen level yielded 11.64 tonnes ha−1 patchouli leaves.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- N2–80 kg ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass yield of leavese0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 11.64 tonnes ha−1e0
- Comparator
- N1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“maximum biomass yield of leaves was observed with N3 (11.63 tonnes ha−1) ≥ N2 (11.64 tonnes ha−1), followed by N1(8.96 tonnes ha−1)”
e1“N2–80 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The N1 nitrogen level yielded 8.96 tonnes ha−1 patchouli leaves.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- N1 - 60 kg ha−1e1
- Outcome
- biomass yield of leavese0
- Direction
- followed bye0
- Value
- 8.96 tonnes ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“maximum biomass yield of leaves was observed with N3 (11.63 tonnes ha−1) ≥ N2 (11.64 tonnes ha−1), followed by N1(8.96 tonnes ha−1)”
e1“N1 - 60 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined M3N3 gave the highest patchouli leaf yield, 19.97 tonnes ha−1.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- combination of M3N3e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 19.97 tonnes ha−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“with the highest yield (19.97 tonnes ha−1) registered through the combination of M3N3”
Claim · model-written summary
M3N3 maintained higher soil fungal populations than M0N0.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M3N3e0
- Outcome
- fungale0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 118 × 102e0
- Comparator
- M0N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Treatment combination M3N3 in turn maintained higher fungal (118 × 102 vs. 31 × 102 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil) and bacterial populations (48 × 105 vs. 31 × 103 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
M3N3 maintained higher soil bacterial populations than M0N0.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M3N3e0
- Outcome
- bacterial populationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 48 × 105e0
- Comparator
- M0N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“Treatment combination M3N3 in turn maintained higher fungal (118 × 102 vs. 31 × 102 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil) and bacterial populations (48 × 105 vs. 31 × 103 with M0N0 c.f.u.g−1 soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
M3N3 improved the concentration of soil available nutrients.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Outcome
- concentration of soil available nutrientse0
- Direction
- improvementse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“for better nutrient acquisition through improvements in the concentration of soil available nutrients”
Claim · model-written summary
M3N3 raised patchouli leaf oil concentration to 3.65% versus 2.40% with M0N0.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M3N3e0
- Outcome
- oil concentration in leavese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 3.65%e0
- Comparator
- M0N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“These responses consequently improved the oil concentration in leaves (3.65% with M3N3 vs. 2.40% with M0N0)”
Claim · model-written summary
M3N3 raised patchouli leaf alcohol content to 49.90% versus 44.52% with M0N0.
- Taxon
- PATCHOULIPogostemon cablint0
- Treatment
- M3N3e0
- Outcome
- alcohole0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 49.90%e0
- Comparator
- M0N0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“PATCHOULI”
e0“and alcohol (49.90% with M3N3 vs. 44.52% in M0N0) as quality indices”
e1“These responses consequently improved the oil concentration in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermicompost and inorganic nitrogen improved coconut yield to 40–55 nuts palm−1.
- Taxon
- coconute0
- Treatment
- combined treatments of vermicompost enriched with inorganic Ne0
- Outcome
- coconut yielde0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Value
- 40–55 nuts palm−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“COCONUT”
e0“besides improving coconut yield (40–55 nuts palm−1) as main crop, when utilizing combined treatments of vermicompost enriched with inorganic N under coconut-patchouli farming systems”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · growth · Pogostemon cablin (patchouli)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →fertilization · yield · Cocos nucifera (coconut palm)Results agree
18 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
15 papers more in this group
See all 19 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.