Abstract
Development and evaluation of a real-time plant water stress sensor, based on the electrophysiological behavior of fruit-bearing woody plants is presented. Continuous electric potentials are measured in tree trunks for different irrigation schedules, inducing variable water stress conditions; results are discussed in relation to soil water content and micro-atmospheric evaporative demand, determined continuously by conventional sensors, correlating this information with tree electric potential measurements. Systematic and differentiable patterns of electric potentials for water-stressed and no-stressed trees in 2 fruit species are presented. Early detection and recovery dynamics of water stress conditions can also be monitored with these electrophysiology sensors, which enable continuous and non-destructive measurements for efficient irrigation scheduling throughout the year. The experiment is developed under controlled conditions, in Faraday cages located at a greenhouse area, both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants. Soil moisture evolution is controlled using capacitance sensors and solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, wind intensity and direction are continuously registered with accurate weather sensors, in a micro-agrometeorological automatic station located at the experimental site. The electrophysiological sensor has two stainless steel electrodes (measuring/reference), inserted on the stem; a high precision Keithley 2701 digital multimeter is used to measure plant electrical signals; an algorithm written in MatLab(®), allows correlating the signal to environmental variables. An electric cyclic behavior is observed (circadian cycle) in the experimental plants. For non-irrigated plants, the electrical signal shows a time positive slope and then, a negative slope after restarting irrigation throughout a rather extended recovery process, before reaching a stable electrical signal with zero slope. Well-watered plants presented a continuous signal with daily maximum and a minimum EP of similar magnitude in time, with zero slope. This plant electrical behavior is proposed for the development of a sensor measuring real-time plant water status.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Persea americana showed distinguishable electrical potential patterns under water stress and no stress.
- Taxon
- Persea americana
Persea americanae1 - Outcome
- patterns of electric potentialse0
- Comparator
- no-stressed treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Systematic and differentiable patterns of electric potentials for water-stressed and no-stressed trees in 2 fruit species are presented.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prunus domestica showed distinguishable electrical potential patterns under water stress and no stress.
- Taxon
- Prunus domestica
Prunus domesticae1 - Outcome
- patterns of electric potentialse0
- Comparator
- no-stressed treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Systematic and differentiable patterns of electric potentials for water-stressed and no-stressed trees in 2 fruit species are presented.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The sensors can monitor early stress detection and recovery in Persea americana continuously and non-destructively.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Outcome
- Early detection and recovery dynamics of water stress conditionse0
- Qualifier
- continuous and non-destructive measurementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early detection and recovery dynamics of water stress conditions can also be monitored with these electrophysiology sensors, which enable continuous and non-destructive measurements for efficient irrigation scheduling throughout the year.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The sensors can monitor early stress detection and recovery in Prunus domestica continuously and non-destructively.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Outcome
- Early detection and recovery dynamics of water stress conditionse0
- Qualifier
- continuous and non-destructive measurementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early detection and recovery dynamics of water stress conditions can also be monitored with these electrophysiology sensors, which enable continuous and non-destructive measurements for efficient irrigation scheduling throughout the year.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Persea americana exhibited a circadian electrical cycle.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Outcome
- electric cyclic behaviore0
- Qualifier
- circadian cyclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An electric cyclic behavior is observed (circadian cycle) in the experimental plants.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prunus domestica exhibited a circadian electrical cycle.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Outcome
- electric cyclic behaviore0
- Qualifier
- circadian cyclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An electric cyclic behavior is observed (circadian cycle) in the experimental plants.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-irrigated Persea americana had a positive electrical-signal slope.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Treatment
- non-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- positive slopee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For non-irrigated plants, the electrical signal shows a time positive slope”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-irrigated Prunus domestica had a positive electrical-signal slope.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Treatment
- non-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- positive slopee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For non-irrigated plants, the electrical signal shows a time positive slope”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Restarting irrigation in Persea americana produced a negative electrical-signal slope during extended recovery.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Treatment
- restarting irrigatione0
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- negative slopee0
- Qualifier
- rather extended recovery processe0
- Comparator
- non-irrigated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For non-irrigated plants, the electrical signal shows a time positive slope and then, a negative slope after restarting irrigation throughout a rather extended recovery process, before reaching a stable electrical signal with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Restarting irrigation in Prunus domestica produced a negative electrical-signal slope during extended recovery.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Treatment
- restarting irrigatione0
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- negative slopee0
- Qualifier
- rather extended recovery processe0
- Comparator
- non-irrigated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For non-irrigated plants, the electrical signal shows a time positive slope and then, a negative slope after restarting irrigation throughout a rather extended recovery process, before reaching a stable electrical signal with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovering Persea americana eventually reached a stable zero-slope electrical signal.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- zero slopee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“before reaching a stable electrical signal with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovering Prunus domestica eventually reached a stable zero-slope electrical signal.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Outcome
- electrical signale0
- Direction
- zero slopee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“before reaching a stable electrical signal with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered Persea americana maintained a zero-slope signal with daily maxima and minima of similar magnitude over time.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Treatment
- Well-waterede0
- Outcome
- continuous signale0
- Direction
- zero slopee0
- Qualifier
- daily maximum and a minimum EP of similar magnitude in timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Well-watered plants presented a continuous signal with daily maximum and a minimum EP of similar magnitude in time, with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Well-watered Prunus domestica maintained a zero-slope signal with daily maxima and minima of similar magnitude over time.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Well-waterede0
- Outcome
- continuous signale0
- Direction
- zero slopee0
- Qualifier
- daily maximum and a minimum EP of similar magnitude in timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Well-watered plants presented a continuous signal with daily maximum and a minimum EP of similar magnitude in time, with zero slope.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrical behavior in Persea americana is proposed for developing real-time water-status sensors.
- Taxon
- Persea americanaPersea americanae1
- Outcome
- development of a sensor measuring real-time plant water statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This plant electrical behavior is proposed for the development of a sensor measuring real-time plant water status.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrical behavior in Prunus domestica is proposed for developing real-time water-status sensors.
- Taxon
- Prunus domesticaPrunus domesticae1
- Outcome
- development of a sensor measuring real-time plant water statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This plant electrical behavior is proposed for the development of a sensor measuring real-time plant water status.”
e1“both in Persea americana and Prunus domestica plants.”