Abstract
Quantitative 1H magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to determine relaxation changes (T1, T2-CPMG) at regular intervals during growth and ripening of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var deliciosa). Temporal trends and differences between flesh, locule and core tissue were found for both relaxation parameters. However, no consistent associations were found between non-destructive measurements and those for individual free sugars, soluble solids content (SSC) and macronutrients and micronutrients determined on dissected companion samples. Increases of 200% in total free sugar concentration in flesh and 68% in SSC accompanied starch hydrolysis after harvest. Despite the magnitude of these changes, relaxation times remained unaltered. These observations were repeated in a second investigation using A arguta fruit and T1, T2, T2-CPMG and self-diffusion image contrasts. Here, SSC increased 125% during a compressed 15-day ripening period, while MR parameters like self-diffusion declined only 7–14% from harvest values. T2-CPMG relaxation was also investigated in aqueous solutions containing individual organic acids, sugars or pectate and juice from ripening fruit (4·7–15·5% SSC). Analysis of solutions and juices showed relaxation is indeed sensitive to increases in sugar composition but relatively insensitive to changes in organic acids and soluble pectin at concentrations normally found in fruit. Results imply that relaxation parameters determined from MR images may not be appreciably influenced by processes that cause solution composition to vary dramatically, even though these changes are reflected in the relaxation properties of the juice itself. Possible reasons for this are discussed with regard to the impact of cell structure and magnetic field strength on relaxation processes. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Both relaxation parameters showed temporal trends and differences among fruit tissues.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Organ / stage
- flesh, locule and core tissuee0
- Outcome
- both relaxation parameterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Temporal trends and differences between flesh, locule and core tissue were found for both relaxation parameters”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Relaxation measures showed no consistent association with sugars, soluble solids, or nutrients.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- non-destructive measurementse0
- Direction
- no consistent associationse0
- Comparator
- individual free sugars, soluble solids content (SSC) and macronutrients and micronutrientse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no consistent associations were found between non-destructive measurements and those for individual free sugars, soluble solids content (SSC) and macronutrients and micronutrients”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Total free sugar concentration in flesh increased 200% after harvest.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Organ / stage
- fleshe0
- Outcome
- total free sugar concentratione0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 200%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases of 200% in total free sugar concentration in flesh and 68% in SSC accompanied starch hydrolysis after harvest”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Soluble solids increased 68% after harvest.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- SSCe0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 68%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases of 200% in total free sugar concentration in flesh and 68% in SSC accompanied starch hydrolysis after harvest”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Relaxation times remained unaltered despite compositional changes.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- relaxation timese0
- Direction
- remained unalterede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite the magnitude of these changes, relaxation times remained unaltered”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
A second investigation repeated the observations in A arguta fruit.
- Taxon
- A arguta
Actinidia argutae0 - Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- These observations were repeatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These observations were repeated in a second investigation using A arguta fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
In A arguta, SSC increased 125% during 15-day ripening.
- Taxon
- A argutaActinidia argutae1
- Outcome
- SSCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 125%e0
- Qualifier
- 15-day ripening periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SSC increased 125% during a compressed 15-day ripening period”
e1“A arguta fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
In A arguta, self-diffusion declined 7–14% from harvest values.
- Taxon
- A argutaActinidia argutae1
- Outcome
- self-diffusione0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 7–14%e0
- Comparator
- harvest valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“self-diffusion declined only 7–14% from harvest values”
e1“A arguta fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Solutions and juices showed relaxation sensitivity to increasing sugar composition.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- relaxatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- sugar compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of solutions and juices showed relaxation is indeed sensitive to increases in sugar composition”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Relaxation was relatively insensitive to organic acid and soluble pectin changes at usual fruit concentrations.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- relatively insensitivee0
- Qualifier
- organic acids and soluble pectine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relatively insensitive to changes in organic acids and soluble pectin at concentrations normally found in fruit”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer MR image relaxation may respond weakly to large composition changes.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- relaxation parameters determined from MR imagese0
- Comparator
- solution compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relaxation parameters determined from MR images may not be appreciably influenced by processes that cause solution composition to vary dramatically”
t0“kiwifruit”