Abstract
Abstract The plant‐available soil water, amount and distribution of rainfall or irrigation are primary factors that may affect yield and quality of winter wheat in heterogeneous fields. The objective of this 2‐y study was to vary N application and water supply in order to achieve a more mechanistic insight into the effects of underlying differences in the site‐specific productivity on heterogeneous fields. Two N fertilizer rates (120 and 180 kg N ha –1 ) and three different water supply treatments (rain sheltering, irrigation, rain‐fed) were compared on field sites with lower or higher plant available soil water capacities. On the whole, the site, rather than rainfall or N fertilisation, was the primary factor that accounted for variability in grain yield. Rainfall distribution during the growing season affected the overall yield level in a given year. The sites characterised by lower plant available water capacity did not show higher grain yield and improved quality with the increased N rate. This suggests that the reduced N rate should be recommended on these sites to take into account the environmental sustainability of N fertilisation. With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments. Therefore, a higher N‐rate proved to be advantageous, especially considering that the residual nitrate levels after harvest were low. The study demonstrated that the response of winter wheat to water shortage or abundance and N fertilisation is site‐specific and dependent on the availability of soil water.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Site was the primary factor explaining variability in grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Setting
- sitee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“On the whole, the site, rather than rainfall or N fertilisation, was the primary factor that accounted for variability in grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall distribution affected annual overall yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- overall yield levele0
- Setting
- Rainfall distributione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Rainfall distribution during the growing season affected the overall yield level in a given year.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen at low water capacity sites did not raise grain yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not show highere0
- Setting
- sites characterised by lower plant available water capacitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The sites characterised by lower plant available water capacity did not show higher grain yield and improved quality with the increased N rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen at low water capacity sites did not improve quality.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased N ratee0
- Outcome
- qualitye0
- Direction
- did not show highere0
- Setting
- sites characterised by lower plant available water capacitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The sites characterised by lower plant available water capacity did not show higher grain yield and improved quality with the increased N rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend reduced nitrogen on low water capacity sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reduced N rate should be recommended on these sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the reduced N rate should be recommended on these sites to take into account the environmental sustainability of N fertilisation”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen did not further increase already high yield at high water capacity sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher N applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield levelse0
- Direction
- not increased furthere0
- Setting
- sites of high plant available soil water capacitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen significantly improved protein quality in the first season across treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher N applicatione0
- Outcome
- protein qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- first season within all treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen significantly improved protein quality in irrigated treatments during the second season.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- higher N applicatione0
- Outcome
- protein qualitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- second season in the irrigated treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual nitrate after harvest was low.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- residual nitrate levels after harveste0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the residual nitrate levels after harvest were low”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider a higher nitrogen rate advantageous at high water capacity sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- higher N‐rate proved to be advantageouse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“a higher N‐rate proved to be advantageous, especially considering that the residual nitrate levels after harvest were low”
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