Abstract
Due to the introduction of zero-till wheat in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) in India, irrigation and fertilizer nitrogen (N) management needs to be modified from that followed under conventionally tilled fields. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of irrigation and N levels on yield and N uptake by zero-till wheat, fertilizer N-use efficiency, and distribution of nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) in a soil profile under zero-till conditions in an acidic alluvial soil of the eastern IGP. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four levels of irrigation as main plots (I 0 -no irrigation, rain-fed, I 1 -122 mm in one irrigation at 21 days after sowing (DAS), I 2 -263 mm in two irrigations at 21 and 42 DAS, and I 3 -386 mm in three irrigations at 21, 42, and 84 DAS) and 4 N levels [0 (N 0 ), 60 (N 1 ), 120 (N 2 ), and 150 (N 3 ) kg N ha −1 ] as subplots. Grain and straw yields were significantly higher at the irrigation level-I 2 and 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2 over the control (I 0 and N 0 ) and were at par with the highest applied levels of irrigation and N (I 3 and N 3 ). The nitrogen uptake by wheat followed a trend similar to yield for irrigation levels; however, it increased significantly up to 150 kg N ha −1 . After the harvest of wheat crop, more NO 3 -N was observed in the 60–90 cm subsurface soil layer than in the surface 0–15 cm and/or 15–30 cm and 30–60 cm subsurface soil layers. The highest NO 3 -N concentration was recorded in the treatment I 2 N 2 . Accumulation of NO 3 -N in the soil increased up to irrigation levels I 2 and with increasing doses of fertilizer N application. Combined applications of irrigation and N had a positive and significant influence on agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent N recovery (ANR) but had no significant effect on physiological efficiency (PE). This study suggests that an appropriate combination of irrigation and N levels in zero-till wheat can lead to not only high-yield levels and N-use efficiency but also adequately control NO 3 -N leaching under acidic alluvial soils in the eastern IGP.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
I2 irrigation significantly increased wheat grain yield over rain-fed control and equaled I3.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation level-I 2e0
- Outcome
- Graine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- I 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields were significantly higher at the irrigation level-I 2 and 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2 over the control (I 0 and N 0 ) and were at par with the highest applied levels of irrigation and N (I 3 and N 3 )”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N2 fertilizer significantly increased wheat grain yield over N0 and equaled N3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2e0
- Outcome
- Graine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- N 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields were significantly higher at the irrigation level-I 2 and 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2 over the control (I 0 and N 0 ) and were at par with the highest applied levels of irrigation and N (I 3 and N 3 )”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
I2 irrigation significantly increased wheat straw yield over I0 and equaled I3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation level-I 2e0
- Outcome
- straw yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- I 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields were significantly higher at the irrigation level-I 2 and 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2 over the control (I 0 and N 0 ) and were at par with the highest applied levels of irrigation and N (I 3 and N 3 )”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
N2 fertilizer significantly increased wheat straw yield over N0 and equaled N3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2e0
- Outcome
- straw yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- N 0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain and straw yields were significantly higher at the irrigation level-I 2 and 120 kg N ha −1 -N 2 over the control (I 0 and N 0 ) and were at par with the highest applied levels of irrigation and N (I 3 and N 3 )”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat nitrogen uptake followed the irrigation trend seen for yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- irrigation levelse0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen uptake by wheat followed a trend similar to yield for irrigation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat nitrogen uptake rose significantly through 150 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150 kg N ha −1e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptakee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nitrogen uptake by wheat followed a trend similar to yield for irrigation levels; however, it increased significantly up to 150 kg N ha −1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
More nitrate nitrogen remained at 60–90 cm than in shallower soil layers after wheat harvest.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NO 3 -Ne0
- Direction
- moree0
- Setting
- 60–90 cm subsurface soil layere0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more NO 3 -N was observed in the 60–90 cm subsurface soil layer than in the surface 0–15 cm and/or 15–30 cm and 30–60 cm subsurface soil layers”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
I2N2 produced the highest soil nitrate concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- I 2 N 2e0
- Outcome
- NO 3 -N concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest NO 3 -N concentration was recorded in the treatment I 2 N 2”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate accumulation increased through irrigation level I2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation levels I 2e0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of NO 3 -N in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of NO 3 -N in the soil increased up to irrigation levels I 2”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nitrate accumulation increased with fertilizer nitrogen dose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizer N applicatione0
- Outcome
- Accumulation of NO 3 -N in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation of NO 3 -N in the soil increased up to irrigation levels I 2 and with increasing doses of fertilizer N application”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined irrigation and nitrogen significantly improved agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined applications of irrigation and Ne0
- Outcome
- agronomic efficiency (AE)e0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined applications of irrigation and N had a positive and significant influence on agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent N recovery (ANR)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined irrigation and nitrogen significantly improved apparent nitrogen recovery.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined applications of irrigation and Ne0
- Outcome
- apparent N recovery (ANR)e0
- Direction
- positivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined applications of irrigation and N had a positive and significant influence on agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent N recovery (ANR)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined irrigation and nitrogen had no significant effect on physiological efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and Ne0
- Outcome
- physiological efficiency (PE)e0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined applications of irrigation and N had a positive and significant influence on agronomic efficiency (AE) and apparent N recovery (ANR) but had no significant effect on physiological efficiency (PE)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend an appropriate irrigation and N combination for high yield, N efficiency and control of nitrate leaching in zero-till wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- appropriate combination of irrigation and N levelse0
- Setting
- eastern IGPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an appropriate combination of irrigation and N levels in zero-till wheat can lead to not only high-yield levels and N-use efficiency but also adequately control NO 3 -N leaching under acidic alluvial soils in the eastern IGP”
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