Abstract
A study was conducted in Bajgah (deep water table condition) and Kooshkak (shallow water condition) areas in Fars province in I.R. of Iran to investigate the effects of different nitrogen application rates, deficient irrigation by alternate furrow irrigation (AFI) method and their interaction on the yield and water- and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. The experimental design was split plot with three main plots as irrigation treatments [ordinary furrow irrigation (OFI), fixed alternate furrow irrigation (FAFI) and variable alternate furrow irrigation (VAFI)] and four subplots as nitrogen application rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha-1) repeated three times. The amount of irrigation water for each irrigation event was considered equal to readily available water of soil in the root zone, and the time of irrigation was determined by the cumulative evapotranspiration (according to Penman-FAO method). The total amounts of irrigation water were 439.0 and 256 mm for OFI and AFI, respectively in the Bajgah area, and 367 and 226 mm, respectively, in the Kooshkak area. Total seasonal rainfalls were 409.0 and 470.5 mm in the Bajgah and Kooshkak, respectively. The results indicated that the interaction between irrigation method and nitrogen application rate was statistically significant for total biomass but not for grain yield and other traits. In terms of grain production, VAFI was superior to FAFI in the Bajgah and Kooshkak areas. VFAI in Bajgah and Kooshkak resulted in 42 and 39% reduction in irrigation water use and 22 and 13% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared with OFI. Based on the grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, apparent nitrogen recovery and water use efficiency, it was concluded that VAFI with application of 180 kg N ha-1 is appropriate in the experimental areas. Based on the grain yield and protein content, VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1 was also appropriate due to 21-35% greater production of total protein, although nitrogen use efficiency, and apparent nitrogen recovery decreased by 20 and 16%, respectively, compared with 180 N ha-1. Further, water-use efficiency in VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1 was 0.89 and 0.85 kg m-3 in the Bajgah and Kooshkak areas, respectively, which were values not significantly different from those obtained in VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 270 kg ha-1. Therefore, VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg ha-1 is a recommendable practice in the study areas.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation method and nitrogen rate interacted significantly for total biomass.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation method and nitrogen application ratee0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the interaction between irrigation method and nitrogen application rate was statistically significant for total biomass”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The irrigation-by-nitrogen interaction was not significant for grain yield and other traits.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation method and nitrogen application ratee1
- Outcome
- grain yield and other traitse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not for grain yield and other traits”
e1“the interaction between irrigation method and nitrogen application rate”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VAFI had superior grain production to FAFI in both study areas.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFIe0
- Outcome
- grain productione0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- FAFIe0
- Setting
- Bajgah and Kooshkak arease0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In terms of grain production, VAFI was superior to FAFI in the Bajgah and Kooshkak areas”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VFAI reduced irrigation water use by 42% in Bajgah versus OFI.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VFAIe0
- Outcome
- irrigation water usee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 42e0
- Comparator
- OFIe0
- Setting
- Bajgahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFAI in Bajgah and Kooshkak resulted in 42 and 39% reduction in irrigation water use and 22 and 13% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared with OFI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VFAI reduced irrigation water use by 39% in Kooshkak versus OFI.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VFAIe0
- Outcome
- irrigation water usee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 39%e0
- Comparator
- OFIe0
- Setting
- Kooshkake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFAI in Bajgah and Kooshkak resulted in 42 and 39% reduction in irrigation water use and 22 and 13% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared with OFI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VFAI reduced grain yield by 22% in Bajgah versus OFI.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VFAIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 22e0
- Comparator
- OFIe0
- Setting
- Bajgahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFAI in Bajgah and Kooshkak resulted in 42 and 39% reduction in irrigation water use and 22 and 13% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared with OFI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VFAI reduced grain yield by 13% in Kooshkak versus OFI.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VFAIe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 13%e0
- Comparator
- OFIe0
- Setting
- Kooshkake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VFAI in Bajgah and Kooshkak resulted in 42 and 39% reduction in irrigation water use and 22 and 13% reduction in grain yield, respectively, compared with OFI”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
VAFI with 270 kg N ha-1 produced 21-35% more total protein than 180 N ha-1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- production of total proteine0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 21-35%e0
- Comparator
- 180 N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1 was also appropriate due to 21-35% greater production of total protein, although nitrogen use efficiency, and apparent nitrogen recovery decreased by 20 and 16%, respectively, compared with 180 N ha-1”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 270 kg N ha-1, nitrogen use efficiency decreased 20% against 180 N ha-1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20e0
- Comparator
- 180 N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen use efficiency, and apparent nitrogen recovery decreased by 20 and 16%, respectively, compared with 180 N ha-1”
e1“VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 270 kg N ha-1, apparent nitrogen recovery decreased 16% against 180 N ha-1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1e1
- Outcome
- apparent nitrogen recoverye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- 180 N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen use efficiency, and apparent nitrogen recovery decreased by 20 and 16%, respectively, compared with 180 N ha-1”
e1“VAFI with application of 270 kg N ha-1”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency under VAFI and 180 kg N ha-1 was 0.89 kg m-3 in Bajgah.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Value
- 0.89e0
- Setting
- Bajgahe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency in VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1 was 0.89 and 0.85 kg m-3 in the Bajgah and Kooshkak areas, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency under VAFI and 180 kg N ha-1 was 0.85 kg m-3 in Kooshkak.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1e0
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye0
- Value
- 0.85 kg m-3e0
- Setting
- Kooshkake0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water-use efficiency in VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1 was 0.89 and 0.85 kg m-3 in the Bajgah and Kooshkak areas, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency at 180 kg N ha-1 was not significantly different from 270 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1e1
- Outcome
- water-use efficiencye2
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 270 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“values not significantly different from those obtained in VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 270 kg ha-1”
e1“VAFI with 180 kg N ha-1”
e2“water-use efficiency”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend VAFI with 180 kg ha-1 nitrogen in the study areas.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“VAFI with a nitrogen application rate of 180 kg ha-1 is a recommendable practice in the study areas”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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