Abstract
Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP), and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low. Thus, it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP. Here, we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60, 60 mm; S90, 90 mm; S120, 120 mm; S150, 150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150, 195 and 240 kg ha–1; denoted as N1, N2 and N3, respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield (GY), yield components, leaf area index (LAI), flag leaf chlorophyll content, dry matter accumulation (DM), WUE, and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP). The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount, but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150; WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE. The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90, while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment. The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments. The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG) was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation, and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small. Under S60 and S90, the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application, which enhanced the GY, while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150. At the filling stage, the LAI increased with increasing irrigation, and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW. Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET) and the small increase or decrease in GY. Moreover, the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC), which was conducive to the increase in NPFP, but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150. Under the same irrigation treatments, an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP. Overall, micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha–1 can lead to increases in GY, WUE and NPFP on the NCP.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield rose significantly with increasing irrigation amount.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increasing irrigation amounte0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen partial factor productivity rose significantly with increasing irrigation amount.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation amounte0
- Outcome
- NPFPe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and nitrogen productivity did not differ significantly between S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S120e0
- Outcome
- no significant differencee0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- S150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“there was no significant difference between S120 and S150”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-use efficiency first rose then fell with increasing irrigation and peaked at S120.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- increased first but then decreasede0
- Qualifier
- S120 achieved the highest WUEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen improved grain yield under S60 and S90.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in nitrogene0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- S60 and S90e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen improved WUE under S60 and S90.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in nitrogene0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Qualifier
- S60 and S90e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 reduced grain yield significantly versus N2 under S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- S120 and S150e0
- Comparator
- N2 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
N3 reduced WUE significantly versus N2 under S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N3e0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- S120 and S150e0
- Comparator
- N2 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen partial factor productivity fell significantly as nitrogen rate increased.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen ratee0
- Outcome
- NPFPe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- under the same irrigation treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike number and 1,000-grain weight increased together with irrigation, explaining increased yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- large increase in GYe0
- Qualifier
- synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG) was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike number and grain weight differed little between S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- differences in SN and TGWe0
- Direction
- smalle0
- Comparator
- S120 and S150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand-grain weight increased with nitrogen rate under S60 and S90, enhancing yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- TGWe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under S60 and S90e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Under S60 and S90, the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application, which enhanced the GY”
Claim · model-written summary
N2 gave the highest grain weight under S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N2e0
- Outcome
- TWGe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- S120 and S150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.”
Claim · model-written summary
At filling, leaf area index increased with irrigation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- filling stagee0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigatione0
- Outcome
- LAIe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“At the filling stage, the LAI increased with increasing irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater irrigation significantly increased flag leaf chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flag leafe0
- Treatment
- greater amounts of irrigatione0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased chlorophyll helped raise dry matter after anthesis and thousand-grain weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGWe0
- Qualifier
- after anthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW”
Claim · model-written summary
High irrigation or excess nitrogen decreased WUE through greater total water consumption and small or negative yield change.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Qualifier
- increase in total water consumption (ET) and the small increase or decrease in GYe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET) and the small increase or decrease in GY.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation raised plant total nitrogen at maturity and reduced residual soil nitrate, supporting nitrogen productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in irrigatione0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC), which was conducive to the increase in NPFP”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant nitrogen accumulation did not significantly differ between S120 and S150.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- TNCe0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- S120 and S150e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that 120 mm irrigation plus 195 kg ha–1 nitrogen can improve yield and use efficiencies.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha–1e0
- Outcome
- increases in GY, WUE and NPFPe0
- Setting
- NCPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“winter wheat”
e0“micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha–1 can lead to increases in GY, WUE and NPFP on the NCP.”
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