Abstract
Limited water resources restrict winter wheat grain yield and quality in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China, and establishing optimal planting patterns according to crop water requirements is the key factor for achieving rational water use. In this paper, 4 planting patterns were applied, namely, uniform row (30 cm; traditional pattern), wide (40 cm)-narrow (20 cm) row, furrow (double lines in the furrow with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between furrows), and seed bed (double lines on the bed with 20 cm spacing, and 40 cm between beds). Each planting pattern was irrigated twice during the jointing and heading stages, and total irrigation water was controlled at 120 mm. Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005 and by 54.3, 42.6, and 30.2 g/m2, respectively, in 2005-2006, mainly because of a significant (LSD, P < 0.05) increase in the spike and kernel numbers. These results were caused by changes in the contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield (CDMRG); the CDMRG was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns by 5.1%, 4.3%, and 2.9%, respectively. Gliadin and glutenin contents in the furrow planting pattern were 4.67% and 5.85%, respectively, and were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher than those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns; however, the furrow planting pattern had no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) effect on albumin and globulin contents. Dough development time (DDT) and dough stable time (DST) in the furrow planting pattern were 5.6 min and 8.8 min, respectively; they were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) improved compared to those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns; however, there were no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) differences in dough breakdown time (DBT) between any of the planting patterns. These results suggest that the furrow planting pattern combined with deficit irrigation during the jointing and heading stages can be applied to winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row pattern by 73.4 g/m2 in 2004-2005.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 73.4e0
- Qualifier
- 2004-2005e0
- Comparator
- uniform rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the wide-narrow row pattern by 64.3 g/m2 in 2004-2005.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 64.3e0
- Qualifier
- 2004-2005e0
- Comparator
- wide-narrow rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the seed bed pattern by 53.4 g/m2 in 2004-2005.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 53.4e0
- Qualifier
- 2004-2005e0
- Comparator
- seed bede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row pattern by 54.3 g/m2 in 2005-2006.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 54.3e0
- Qualifier
- 2005-2006e0
- Comparator
- uniform rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005 and by 54.3, 42.6, and 30.2 g/m2, respectively, in 2005-2006”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the wide-narrow row pattern by 42.6 g/m2 in 2005-2006.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42.6e0
- Qualifier
- 2005-2006e0
- Comparator
- wide-narrow rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005 and by 54.3, 42.6, and 30.2 g/m2, respectively, in 2005-2006”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat grain yield was significantly higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the seed bed pattern by 30.2 g/m2 in 2005-2006.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 30.2e0
- Qualifier
- 2005-2006e0
- Comparator
- seed bede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns, by 73.4, 64.3, and 53.4 g/m2, respectively, in 2004-2005 and by 54.3, 42.6, and 30.2 g/m2, respectively, in 2005-2006”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The furrow planting pattern significantly increased spike and kernel numbers of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- spike and kernel numberse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher in the furrow planting pattern”
e1“mainly because of a significant (LSD, P < 0.05) increase in the spike and kernel numbers”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield (CDMRG) of winter wheat was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row pattern by 5.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- CDMRGe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.1%e0
- Comparator
- uniform rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CDMRG was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns by 5.1%, 4.3%, and 2.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield (CDMRG) of winter wheat was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the wide-narrow row pattern by 4.3%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- CDMRGe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.3%e0
- Comparator
- wide-narrow rowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CDMRG was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns by 5.1%, 4.3%, and 2.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield (CDMRG) of winter wheat was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the seed bed pattern by 2.9%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- CDMRGe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.9%e0
- Comparator
- seed bede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CDMRG was higher in the furrow planting pattern than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns by 5.1%, 4.3%, and 2.9%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat gliadin content in the furrow planting pattern was 4.67%, significantly higher than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row and seed bed planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Gliadine0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.67%e0
- Comparator
- uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gliadin and glutenin contents in the furrow planting pattern were 4.67% and 5.85%, respectively, and were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher than those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat glutenin content in the furrow planting pattern was 5.85%, significantly higher than in the uniform row, wide-narrow row and seed bed planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- glutenin contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.85%e0
- Comparator
- uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gliadin and glutenin contents in the furrow planting pattern were 4.67% and 5.85%, respectively, and were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) higher than those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The furrow planting pattern had no significant effect on albumin and globulin contents of winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- albumin and globulin contentse0
- Direction
- no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the furrow planting pattern had no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) effect on albumin and globulin contents”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat Dough development time (DDT) in the furrow planting pattern was 5.6 min, significantly improved compared with the uniform row, wide-narrow row and seed bed planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- Dough development time (DDT)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 5.6 mine0
- Comparator
- uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dough development time (DDT) and dough stable time (DST) in the furrow planting pattern were 5.6 min and 8.8 min, respectively; they were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) improved compared to those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter wheat dough stable time (DST) in the furrow planting pattern was 8.8 min, significantly improved compared with the uniform row, wide-narrow row and seed bed planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- furrow planting patterne0
- Outcome
- dough stable time (DST)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 8.8 mine0
- Comparator
- uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dough development time (DDT) and dough stable time (DST) in the furrow planting pattern were 5.6 min and 8.8 min, respectively; they were significantly (LSD, P < 0.05) improved compared to those in the uniform row, wide-narrow row, and seed bed planting patterns”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
There were no significant differences in dough breakdown time (DBT) of winter wheat between any of the planting patterns.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- planting patternse0
- Outcome
- dough breakdown time (DBT)e0
- Direction
- no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were no significant (LSD, P < 0.05) differences in dough breakdown time (DBT) between any of the planting patterns”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the furrow planting pattern combined with deficit irrigation at jointing and heading can be applied to winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- furrow planting pattern combined with deficit irrigation during the jointing and heading stagese0
- Outcome
- can be applied to winter wheat productione0
- Setting
- Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the furrow planting pattern combined with deficit irrigation during the jointing and heading stages can be applied to winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of North China”
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