Abstract
We investigated the role of organic acids in conferring Al tolerance in near-isogenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines differing in Al tolerance at the Al tolerance locus (Alt1). Addition of Al to nutrient solutions stimulated excretion of malic and succinic acids from roots of wheat seedlings, and Al-tolerant genotypes excreted 5- to 10-fold more malic acid than Al-sensitive genotypes. Malic acid excretion was detectable after 15 min of exposure to 200 [mu]M Al, and the amount excreted increased linearly over 24 h. The amount of malic acid excreted was dependent on the external Al concentration, and excretion was stimulated by as little as 10 [mu]M Al. Malic acid added to nutrient solutions was able to protect Al-sensitive seedlings from normally phytotoxic Al concentrations. Root apices (terminal 3-5 mm of root) were the primary source of the malic acid excreted. Root apices of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive seedlings contained similar amounts of malic acid before and after a 2-h exposure to 200 [mu]M Al. During this treatment, Al-tolerant seedlings excreted about four times the total amount of malic acid initially present within root apices, indicating that continual synthesis of malic acid was occurring. Malic acid excretion was specifically stimulated by Al, and neither La, Fe, nor the absence of Pi was able to elicit this response. There was a consistent correlation of Al tolerance with high rates of malic acid excretion stimulated by Al in a population of seedlings segregating for Al tolerance. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Alt1 locus in wheat encodes an Al tolerance mechanism based on Al-stimulated excretion of malic acid.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Al stimulated excretion of malic and succinic acids from wheat seedling roots.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Addition of Al to nutrient solutionse0
- Outcome
- excretion of malic and succinic acidse0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Addition of Al to nutrient solutions stimulated excretion of malic and succinic acids from roots of wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Al-tolerant genotypes excreted 5- to 10-fold more malic acid than sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Al-tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- malic acide0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 5- to 10-folde0
- Comparator
- Al-sensitive genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al-tolerant genotypes excreted 5- to 10-fold more malic acid than Al-sensitive genotypes”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid excretion was detectable after 15 minutes at 200 μM Al.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 [mu]M Ale0
- Outcome
- Malic acid excretione0
- Value
- 15 mine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malic acid excretion was detectable after 15 min of exposure to 200 [mu]M Al”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malic acid excretion increased linearly over 24 hours.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- the amount excretede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount excreted increased linearly over 24 h”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excreted malic acid depended on external Al concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- external Al concentratione0
- Outcome
- amount of malic acid excretede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of malic acid excreted was dependent on the external Al concentration”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
As little as 10 μM Al stimulated excretion.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 10 [mu]M Ale0
- Outcome
- excretione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“excretion was stimulated by as little as 10 [mu]M Al”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Added malic acid protected Al-sensitive seedlings from phytotoxic aluminum.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Malic acid added to nutrient solutionse0
- Outcome
- protect Al-sensitive seedlingse0
- Qualifier
- normally phytotoxic Al concentrationse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malic acid added to nutrient solutions was able to protect Al-sensitive seedlings from normally phytotoxic Al concentrations”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root apices were the main source of excreted malic acid.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Root apicese0
- Outcome
- primary source of the malic acid excretede0
- Value
- 3-5 mme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root apices (terminal 3-5 mm of root) were the primary source of the malic acid excreted”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant and sensitive root apices had similar malic acid amounts before and after Al exposure.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Root apicese0
- Treatment
- 200 [mu]M Ale0
- Outcome
- amounts of malic acide0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- 2-h exposuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root apices of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive seedlings contained similar amounts of malic acid before and after a 2-h exposure to 200 [mu]M Al”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant seedlings excreted about four times their initial root apex malic acid during treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- root apicese0
- Outcome
- malic acide0
- Direction
- four timese0
- Value
- about four timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al-tolerant seedlings excreted about four times the total amount of malic acid initially present within root apices”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The excretion amount indicated continual malic acid synthesis.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- continual synthesis of malic acide0
- Qualifier
- continual synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that continual synthesis of malic acid was occurring”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al specifically stimulated malic acid excretion.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- Malic acid excretione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malic acid excretion was specifically stimulated by Al”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
La, Fe, and absence of Pi did not elicit malic acid excretion.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- La, Fe, nor the absence of Pie0
- Outcome
- this responsee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither La, Fe, nor the absence of Pi was able to elicit this response”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Al tolerance correlated consistently with high Al-stimulated malic acid excretion.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- Al tolerancee0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- population of seedlings segregating for Al tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a consistent correlation of Al tolerance with high rates of malic acid excretion stimulated by Al in a population of seedlings segregating for Al tolerance”
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesized that Alt1 encodes a tolerance mechanism involving Al-stimulated malic acid excretion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- Alt1 locuse0
- Outcome
- Al tolerance mechanisme0
- Qualifier
- Al-stimulated excretion of malic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Alt1 locus in wheat encodes an Al tolerance mechanism based on Al-stimulated excretion of malic acid”
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See all 288 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.