Abstract
SUMMARY Spring wheat grown in pots outdoors was transferred to growth rooms for various periods to study the effect of increasing the temperature from 14‐4 to 20‐3 o C (Expt 1) or from day/night values of 15‐0/15‐2 to 20‐0/15‐2 o C (Expt 2) and of increasing the amount of visible radiation in a 16 h day from 424 to 792 J cm ‐2 (Expt 1) or 374 to 740 J cm ‐2 (Expt 2). There were no interactions between temperature and radiation. In Expt 1 neither the increase in temperature nor extra radiation, applied for 14 days immediately after the appearance of double ridges on the stem apex, or 14 days later, increased grain yield at maturity. Warmth early, but not late, increased dry weight, leaf area and the number of floret primordia immediately after treatment, but these effects had disappeared by anthesis, 30 days later. Dry weight but not leaf area was increased by extra radiation but the effects had disappeared 2 wk after treatment. An increase in temperature imposed for 16 days starting 5 or 21 days after anthesis (Expt 2) increased dry weight of the ear and decreased that of the rest of the plant immediately after treatment, and decreased leaf area at all times. When plants from the two temperatures were put together in the same conditions, ear growth of plants that had been in the warm was slower than that of plants from the cold treatment, so that the difference in ear weight observed after 16 days of treatment reversed and grain yield was decreased by warmth applied in either period; the component of yield decreased by warmth was grain size. Additional radiation in either post‐anthesis period increased dry weight of all parts of the plant and had negligible effects on leaf area. Final grain yield was increased by c. 15% because the individual grains were larger. Early treatment also increased grain number slightly. The effects of treatment during the two post‐anthesis periods were similar in size, and additive.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and radiation had no interaction.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- interactions between temperature and radiatione0
- Direction
- no interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no interactions between temperature and radiation.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early post-double-ridge warmth did not increase final grain yield.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee0
- Outcome
- grain yield at maturitye0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither the increase in temperature nor extra radiation, applied for 14 days immediately after the appearance of double ridges on the stem apex, or 14 days later, increased grain yield at maturity.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra radiation around double-ridge appearance did not increase final grain yield.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- extra radiatione0
- Outcome
- grain yield at maturitye0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“neither the increase in temperature nor extra radiation, applied for 14 days immediately after the appearance of double ridges on the stem apex, or 14 days later, increased grain yield at maturity.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early warmth increased dry weight, leaf area and floret primordia immediately after treatment.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Warmth earlye0
- Outcome
- dry weight, leaf area and the number of floret primordiae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- latee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Warmth early, but not late, increased dry weight, leaf area and the number of floret primordia immediately after treatment”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early warmth effects had disappeared by anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- anthesise0
- Outcome
- these effectse0
- Direction
- disappearede0
- Value
- 30 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these effects had disappeared by anthesis, 30 days later.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra radiation increased dry weight, but not leaf area, transiently.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- extra radiatione0
- Outcome
- Dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- effects had disappeared 2 wk after treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight but not leaf area was increased by extra radiation but the effects had disappeared 2 wk after treatment.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Extra radiation did not increase leaf area.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- extra radiatione0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight but not leaf area was increased by extra radiation but the effects had disappeared 2 wk after treatment.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis warmth increased ear dry weight immediately after treatment.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee1
- Outcome
- dry weight of the eare0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased dry weight of the ear and decreased that of the rest of the plant immediately after treatment”
t0“spring wheat”
e1“An increase in temperature imposed for 16 days starting 5 or 21 days after anthesis (Expt 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis warmth decreased dry weight in the rest of the plant immediately after treatment.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee1
- Outcome
- that of the rest of the plante0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased dry weight of the ear and decreased that of the rest of the plant immediately after treatment”
t0“spring wheat”
e1“An increase in temperature imposed for 16 days starting 5 or 21 days after anthesis (Expt 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis warmth decreased leaf area at all times.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increase in temperaturee1
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and decreased leaf area at all times.”
t0“spring wheat”
e1“An increase in temperature imposed for 16 days starting 5 or 21 days after anthesis (Expt 2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Previously warmed plants subsequently had slower ear growth than cold-treated plants.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- ear growthe0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- cold treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ear growth of plants that had been in the warm was slower than that of plants from the cold treatment”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis warmth in either period decreased grain yield through smaller grains.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- warmth applied in either periode0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- grain sizee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield was decreased by warmth applied in either period; the component of yield decreased by warmth was grain size.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis extra radiation increased dry weight of all plant parts.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Additional radiatione0
- Outcome
- dry weight of all parts of the plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional radiation in either post‐anthesis period increased dry weight of all parts of the plant”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis extra radiation had negligible effect on leaf area.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Additional radiatione1
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- negligible effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and had negligible effects on leaf area.”
t0“spring wheat”
e1“Additional radiation in either post‐anthesis period”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis extra radiation raised final grain yield by about 15% through larger grains.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Additional radiatione1
- Outcome
- Final grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- c. 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Final grain yield was increased by c. 15% because the individual grains were larger.”
t0“spring wheat”
e1“Additional radiation in either post‐anthesis period”
Claim · model-written summary
Early extra radiation slightly increased grain number.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Early treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early treatment also increased grain number slightly.”
t0“spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Effects of the two post-anthesis treatment periods were similarly sized and additive.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- effects of treatmente0
- Direction
- similar in size, and additivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of treatment during the two post‐anthesis periods were similar in size, and additive.”
t0“spring wheat”
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