Abstract
Abstract Increasing climatic variability is projected to affect large‐scale atmospheric circulation, triggers and exacerbates more extreme weather events, including winter warming and more frequent extreme low temperatures in spring. Historical data from 1961–2000 indicate these temperature fluctuations may seriously affect grain yield of winter wheat crops. In this study, a field air temperature control system ( FATC ) was used to simulate the winter warming, spring cold and freezing events in the field experiment in 2010–2011 to explore their impacts on growth and yield of winter wheat. Eight elite wheat varieties released during 1961–2000 were included and four temperature scenarios were applied, including late spring freeze alone, winter warming + late spring freeze, early spring cold + late spring freeze and the normal temperature condition as control. Winter warming combined with late spring freeze significantly decreased tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf growth in wheat plants, and reduced the spike number and kernel number per spike, and the final grain yield. In contrast, the wheat plants experienced early spring cold had higher tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic capacity and sugar accumulation and improved tolerance to the late spring freeze, resulting in less yield loss, as compared with those without experiencing early spring cold. Both the meta‐analyses and the field experimental data demonstrated that the effects of later spring freeze stress on wheat yield were exacerbated by winter warming but were extenuated by early spring cold events. Therefore, it is important to consider the characteristics of temperature fluctuations during winter to spring for precise evaluation of climate change effects on wheat production.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Winter warming with late spring freeze significantly decreased tiller survival, leaf photosynthetic rate, and leaf growth in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Winter warming combined with late spring freezee0
- Outcome
- tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter warming combined with late spring freeze significantly decreased tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf growth in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter warming with late spring freeze reduced spike number, kernels per spike, and final grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Winter warming combined with late spring freezee0
- Outcome
- spike number and kernel number per spike, and the final grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter warming combined with late spring freeze significantly decreased tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf growth in wheat plants, and reduced the spike number and kernel number per spike, and the final grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring cold raised tiller survival, leaf photosynthetic capacity, and sugar accumulation relative to no early spring cold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early spring colde0
- Outcome
- tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic capacity and sugar accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- without experiencing early spring colde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the wheat plants experienced early spring cold had higher tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic capacity and sugar accumulation”
e1“as compared with those without experiencing early spring cold”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring cold improved tolerance to late spring freeze.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early spring colde0
- Outcome
- tolerance to the late spring freezee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- without experiencing early spring colde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the wheat plants experienced early spring cold had higher tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic capacity and sugar accumulation and improved tolerance to the late spring freeze”
e1“as compared with those without experiencing early spring cold”
Claim · model-written summary
Early spring cold reduced yield loss from late spring freeze relative to no early spring cold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early spring colde0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- without experiencing early spring colde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the wheat plants experienced early spring cold had higher tiller survival rate, leaf photosynthetic capacity and sugar accumulation and improved tolerance to the late spring freeze, resulting in less yield loss, as compared with those without experiencing early spring cold”
Claim · model-written summary
Meta-analysis and field data indicated winter warming exacerbated late spring freeze effects on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- winter warminge0
- Outcome
- effects of later spring freeze stress on wheat yielde0
- Direction
- exacerbatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of later spring freeze stress on wheat yield were exacerbated by winter warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Meta-analysis and field data indicated early spring cold attenuated late spring freeze effects on wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- early spring cold eventse0
- Outcome
- effects of later spring freeze stress on wheat yielde0
- Direction
- extenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of later spring freeze stress on wheat yield were exacerbated by winter warming but were extenuated by early spring cold events”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend considering winter-to-spring temperature fluctuations when evaluating climate change effects on wheat production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- consider the characteristics of temperature fluctuations during winter to springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consider the characteristics of temperature fluctuations during winter to spring for precise evaluation of climate change effects on wheat production”
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