Abstract
Robinson, M. A., Letarte, J., Cowbrough, M. J., Sikkema, P. H. and Tardif, F. J. 2015. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) response to herbicides as affected by application timing and temperature. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 325–333. Field studies were conducted to determine the effects of cold temperatures and physiological growth stage at the time of application on the tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to 10 herbicides used in Ontario, Canada. Herbicides were applied: early during a frost event (when forecasted temperatures ≤ 0°C); at a normal timing (Zadoks 21–29); and a late timing (Zadoks 39). Visible injury, yield, plant height at maturity, test weight and 1000-kernel weight were measured to determine if environmental conditions or growth stage at the time of herbicide application influenced wheat tolerance. Cold temperatures at the time of herbicide application resulted in injury with three treatments: 2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop and dichlorprop/2,4-D. Visible injury was greatest at 14 d after treatment (DAT); it was, however, transient and yield, plant height, test weight and 1000-kernel weight were not affected. The herbicides 2,4-D, dichlorprop/2,4-D, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl caused visible injury 14 DAT when applied at the normal timing, while 2,4-D at this timing, also caused injury 7 DAT. Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing 4% injury at the normal timing and 11% injury at the late application timing (42 DAT). Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop caused yield reductions of 11 to 24% at two locations in 2010 when applied at the normal timing. Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced yield at 6 of the 8 site-years when applied late, and also reduced plant height. Cold temperatures at the time of application did not affect tolerance of winter wheat; however, visible injury was more likely to occur when herbicides were applied at later growth stages. In most cases, herbicide injury was transient and no impact on yield was observed. Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing prolonged injury at all application timings and reducing yields when applied at the normal timing. In addition, yield and plant height were affected negatively when this herbicide was applied late.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cold temperatures at herbicide application caused injury to winter wheat with three herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- Winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Cold temperatures at the time of herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Qualifier
- 2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop and dichlorprop/2,4-De0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Cold temperatures at the time of herbicide application resulted in injury with three treatments: 2,4-D, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop and dichlorprop/2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible injury in winter wheat was greatest at 14 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Visible injurye2
- Qualifier
- 14 d after treatment (DAT)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“Visible injury was greatest at 14 d after treatment (DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield, plant height and test weight of winter wheat were not affected by the cold-temperature herbicide applications.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield, plant height, test weighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Visible injury was greatest at 14 d after treatment (DAT); it was, however, transient and yield, plant height, test weight and 1000-kernel weight were not affected”
Claim · model-written summary
1000-kernel weight of winter wheat was not affected by the cold-temperature herbicide applications.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 1000-kernel weighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Visible injury was greatest at 14 d after treatment (DAT); it was, however, transient and yield, plant height, test weight and 1000-kernel weight were not affected”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicides 2,4-D, dichlorprop/2,4-D and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl caused visible injury 14 DAT when applied at the normal timing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D, dichlorprop/2,4-D, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyle4
- Outcome
- visible injurye4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Qualifier
- 14 DAT when applied at the normal timinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“The herbicides 2,4-D, dichlorprop/2,4-D, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl caused visible injury 14 DAT when applied at the normal timing, while 2,4-D at this timing, also caused injury 7 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D at the normal timing caused injury 7 DAT.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De4
- Outcome
- injurye4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
- Qualifier
- 7 DATe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e4“The herbicides 2,4-D, dichlorprop/2,4-D, and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl caused visible injury 14 DAT when applied at the normal timing, while 2,4-D at this timing, also caused injury 7 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide to winter wheat.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope5
- Outcome
- most injuriouse5
- Direction
- most injuriouse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing 4% injury at the normal timing and 11% injury at the late application timing (42 DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop caused 4% injury at the normal timing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope5
- Outcome
- injurye5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 4%e5
- Qualifier
- at the normal timinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing 4% injury at the normal timing and 11% injury at the late application timing (42 DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop caused 11% injury at the late application timing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope5
- Outcome
- injurye5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
- Value
- 11%e5
- Qualifier
- at the late application timing (42 DAT)e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e5“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing 4% injury at the normal timing and 11% injury at the late application timing (42 DAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced winter wheat yield by 11 to 24% at two locations in 2010 when applied at the normal timing.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- reductionse6
- Value
- 11 to 24%e6
- Qualifier
- when applied at the normal timinge6
- Setting
- two locations in 2010e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e6“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop caused yield reductions of 11 to 24% at two locations in 2010 when applied at the normal timing”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced winter wheat yield at 6 of the 8 site-years when applied late.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope7
- Outcome
- yielde7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 6 of the 8 site-yearse7
- Qualifier
- when applied latee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced yield at 6 of the 8 site-years when applied late, and also reduced plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced winter wheat plant height when applied late.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope7
- Outcome
- plant heighte7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Qualifier
- when applied latee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e7“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop reduced yield at 6 of the 8 site-years when applied late, and also reduced plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold temperatures at the time of application did not affect winter wheat tolerance.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Cold temperatures at the time of applicatione3
- Outcome
- tolerance of winter wheate3
- Direction
- did not affecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Cold temperatures at the time of application did not affect tolerance of winter wheat; however, visible injury was more likely to occur when herbicides were applied at later growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Visible injury was more likely when herbicides were applied at later growth stages.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- applied at later growth stagese3
- Outcome
- visible injurye3
- Direction
- more likelye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Cold temperatures at the time of application did not affect tolerance of winter wheat; however, visible injury was more likely to occur when herbicides were applied at later growth stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop caused prolonged injury at all application timings.
- Taxon
- Winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprope3
- Outcome
- prolonged injurye3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
- Qualifier
- at all application timingse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“Dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop was the most injurious herbicide, causing prolonged injury at all application timings”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.