Abstract
Field experiments in winter wheat were initiated at two locations in the fall of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate winter annual broadleaf weeds and winter wheat response to POST applications of two saflufenacil formulations applied alone and in combination with 2,4-D amine. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and water-dispersible granule (WG) formulations of saflufenacil at 13, 25, and 50 g ai ha −1 were applied with 1.0% (v/v) crop oil concentrate (COC) and mixed with 2,4-D amine at 533 g ae ha −1 without adjuvant. Regardless of rate or formulation, saflufenacil plus COC and saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine controlled blue mustard ≥ 91% at 17 to 20 d after treatment (DAT) compared with ≤ 50% control with 2,4-D amine alone. At least 25 g ha −1 of saflufenacil EC was necessary to control flixweed > 90%. Excluding COC from saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine reduced flixweed control from the saflufenacil WG formulation more than the EC formulation. Most saflufenacil treatments did not control henbit satisfactorily (≤ 80%). Wheat foliar necrosis increased with increasing saflufenacil rate to as high as 30% at 3 to 6 DAT, but declined to < 15% at 10 to 20 DAT and was not evident at 30 DAT. Saflufenacil rate, formulation, and mixing with 2,4-D amine also influenced wheat stunting, but to a lesser extent than foliar necrosis. Saflufenacil EC consistently caused greater foliar necrosis and stunting on wheat than saflufenacil WG. Leaf necrosis and stunting were reduced by tank-mixing saflufenacil formulations with 2,4-D amine without COC. Grain yields of most saflufenacil treatments were similar to 2,4-D amine under weedy conditions and herbicide treatments had no effect on grain yield in weed-free experiments. Saflufenacil formulations at 25 to 50 g ha −1 with 2,4-D amine and saflufenacil WG at 25 to 50 g ha −1 with COC can control winter annual broadleaf weeds with minimal injury (< 15%) and no grain yield reductions. The addition of saflufenacil as a POST-applied herbicide would give wheat growers another useful tool to control annual broadleaf weeds, including herbicide-resistant weed species.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Saflufenacil combinations controlled blue mustard at least 91%, versus at most 50% with 2,4-D amine alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- saflufenacil plus COC and saflufenacil plus 2,4-D aminee0
- Interactor
- blue mustarde0weed
- Outcome
- controlled blue mustarde0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- ≥ 91%e0
- Qualifier
- ≤ 50%e0
- Comparator
- 2,4-D amine alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saflufenacil plus COC and saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine controlled blue mustard ≥ 91% at 17 to 20 d after treatment (DAT) compared with ≤ 50% control with 2,4-D amine alone”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 25 g ha −1 saflufenacil EC was needed for more than 90% flixweed control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 25 g ha −1 of saflufenacil ECe0
- Interactor
- flixweede0weed
- Outcome
- control flixweede0
- Value
- > 90%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At least 25 g ha −1 of saflufenacil EC was necessary to control flixweed > 90%”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing COC reduced flixweed control more for WG than EC saflufenacil.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Excluding COCe0
- Interactor
- flixweede0weed
- Outcome
- flixweed controle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- EC formulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excluding COC from saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine reduced flixweed control from the saflufenacil WG formulation more than the EC formulation”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Most saflufenacil treatments controlled henbit at no more than 80%, judged unsatisfactory.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- henbit
Lamium amplexicaulee0weed - Outcome
- control henbite0
- Value
- ≤ 80%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most saflufenacil treatments did not control henbit satisfactorily (≤ 80%)”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat foliar necrosis rose with saflufenacil rate to 30% early after treatment.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- saflufenacile0
- Outcome
- foliar necrosise0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 3 to 6 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat foliar necrosis increased with increasing saflufenacil rate to as high as 30% at 3 to 6 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat foliar necrosis later declined below 15%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- foliar necrosise1
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- < 15%e0
- Qualifier
- 10 to 20 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“declined to < 15% at 10 to 20 DAT”
t0“Winter Wheat”
e1“Wheat foliar necrosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat foliar necrosis was absent by 30 DAT.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- foliar necrosise1
- Qualifier
- 30 DATe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was not evident at 30 DAT”
t0“Winter Wheat”
e1“Wheat foliar necrosis”
Claim · model-written summary
Saflufenacil rate, formulation, and 2,4-D mixing influenced wheat stunting less than foliar necrosis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Saflufenacile0
- Outcome
- wheat stuntinge0
- Comparator
- foliar necrosise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saflufenacil rate, formulation, and mixing with 2,4-D amine also influenced wheat stunting, but to a lesser extent than foliar necrosis”
Claim · model-written summary
EC caused greater wheat foliar necrosis than WG.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Saflufenacil ECe0
- Outcome
- foliar necrosise0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- saflufenacil WGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saflufenacil EC consistently caused greater foliar necrosis and stunting on wheat than saflufenacil WG”
Claim · model-written summary
EC caused greater wheat stunting than WG.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Saflufenacil ECe0
- Outcome
- stuntinge0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- saflufenacil WGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saflufenacil EC consistently caused greater foliar necrosis and stunting on wheat than saflufenacil WG”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing saflufenacil with 2,4-D amine without COC reduced leaf necrosis and stunting.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- tank-mixing saflufenacil formulations with 2,4-D amine without COCe0
- Outcome
- Leaf necrosis and stuntinge0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf necrosis and stunting were reduced by tank-mixing saflufenacil formulations with 2,4-D amine without COC”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Most saflufenacil treatments had grain yields similar to 2,4-D amine in weedy conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saflufenacil treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- weedy conditionse0
- Comparator
- 2,4-D aminee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields of most saflufenacil treatments were similar to 2,4-D amine under weedy conditions”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatment did not affect grain yield in weed-free experiments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Qualifier
- weed-free experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“herbicide treatments had no effect on grain yield in weed-free experiments”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify two saflufenacil regimens as controlling winter annual broadleaf weeds with less than 15% injury and no yield reduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- winter annual broadleaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- control winter annual broadleaf weeds with minimal injury (< 15%) and no grain yield reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saflufenacil formulations at 25 to 50 g ha −1 with 2,4-D amine and saflufenacil WG at 25 to 50 g ha −1 with COC can control winter annual broadleaf weeds with minimal injury (< 15%) and no grain yield reductions”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose postemergence saflufenacil as another weed-control tool for wheat growers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- annual broadleaf weedse0weed
- Outcome
- another useful tool to control annual broadleaf weedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of saflufenacil as a POST-applied herbicide would give wheat growers another useful tool to control annual broadleaf weeds, including herbicide-resistant weed species”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.