Abstract
Spring freeze events seriously limit the growth, development, and grain yield of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). A 2‐yr field experiment with two contrasting cultivars: XM21 (low‐temperature resistant) and XZ24 (low‐temperature sensitive), was conducted using an air temperature control device designed to allow investigation of the physiological and grain yield responses to spring freeze. The plants were grown in the field and subjected to a 5‐d spring freeze episode (approximately 8°C lower than the ambient temperature) at jointing stage ( Zadoks scale 31). Spring freeze significantly decreased gas exchange rates and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II in wheat leaves of both cultivars. Under spring freeze, the yield loss was 12 to 14% in XZ24 vs. 5 to 6% in XM21. Greater yield loss in XZ24 coincided with a greater reduction of tiller and spike number in XZ24 than in XM21. Spring freeze occurring at jointing stage depressed the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves when measured at the end of the 5‐d period and again at 7 d later, resulting in lowered number of effective tillers, and eventually decreasing the grain yield. The genetic and/or bio‐physiochemical basis for the different sensitivity of tiller development to spring freeze between the two cultivars could be further exploited for breeding new wheat cultivars tolerant to spring freeze stress.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze significantly decreased wheat leaf gas exchange.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Spring freezee0
- Outcome
- gas exchange ratese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Spring freeze significantly decreased gas exchange rates and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II in wheat leaves of both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze significantly decreased maximum PSII quantum efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Spring freezee0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Spring freeze significantly decreased gas exchange rates and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II in wheat leaves of both cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze caused 12 to 14% yield loss in XZ24.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XZ24e0
- Treatment
- spring freezee0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 12 to 14%e0
- Comparator
- XM21e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Under spring freeze, the yield loss was 12 to 14% in XZ24 vs. 5 to 6% in XM21”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze caused 5 to 6% yield loss in XM21.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM21e0
- Treatment
- spring freezee0
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 5 to 6%e0
- Comparator
- XZ24e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Under spring freeze, the yield loss was 12 to 14% in XZ24 vs. 5 to 6% in XM21”
Claim · model-written summary
XZ24 had greater reductions in tiller and spike numbers than XM21.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XZ24e0
- Outcome
- tiller and spike numbere0
- Direction
- greater reductione0
- Comparator
- XM21e0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Greater yield loss in XZ24 coincided with a greater reduction of tiller and spike number in XZ24 than in XM21”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze depressed leaf photosynthetic capacity at five and twelve days.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Spring freezee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacitye0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“Spring freeze occurring at jointing stage depressed the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves when measured at the end of the 5‐d period and again at 7 d later”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze lowered effective tiller numbers.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- number of effective tillerse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“resulting in lowered number of effective tillers, and eventually decreasing the grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring freeze ultimately decreased grain yield.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“resulting in lowered number of effective tillers, and eventually decreasing the grain yield”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.