Abstract
Low-temperature stress has become an important abiotic factor affecting high and stable wheat production. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to enhance low-temperature tolerance in wheat. A pot experiment was carried out using Yannong19 (YN19, a cold-tolerant cultivar) and Xinmai26 (XM26, a cold-sensitive cultivar). We employed traditional phosphorus application (TPA, i.e., R1) and optimized phosphorus application (OPA, i.e., R2) methods. Plants undertook chilling (T1 at 4 °C) and freezing treatment (T2 at −4 °C) as well as ambient temperature (CK at 11 °C) during the anther differentiation period to investigate the effects of OPA and TPA on photosynthetic parameters and the accumulation and distribution of dry matter. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves decreased in low-temperature treatments, whereas intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) increased. Compared with R1CK, Pn in R1T1 and R1T2 treatments was reduced by 26.8% and 42.2% in YN19 and 34.2% and 54.7% in XM26, respectively. In contrast, it increased by 6.5%, 8.9% and 12.7% in YN19 and 7.7%, 15.6% and 22.6% in XM26 for R2CK, R2T1 and R2T2 treatments, respectively, under OPA compared with TPA at the same temperature treatments. Moreover, low-temperature stress reduced dry matter accumulation at the reproductive growth stage. OPA increased dry matter accumulation of vegetative organs after the flowering stage and promoted the transportation of assimilates to grains. Hence, the grain number per spike (GNPS), 1000-grain weight (TGW) and yield per plant (YPP) increased. The low-temperature treatments of T1 and T2 caused yield losses of 24.1~64.1%, and the yield increased by 8.6~20.5% under OPA treatments among the two wheat cultivars. In brief, OPA enhances low-temperature tolerance in wheat, effectively improves wheat architecture and photosynthesis, increases GNPS and TGW and ultimately lessens yield losses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduced flag leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- low-temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves decreased in low-temperature treatments”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low-temperature treatmentse1
- Outcome
- intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) increased”
e1“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves decreased in low-temperature treatments”
t0“Low-Temperature Stress in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and freezing reduced Pn under traditional phosphorus application in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- R1T1 and R1T2 treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 26.8% and 42.2% in YN19 and 34.2% and 54.7% in XM26e0
- Comparator
- R1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with R1CK, Pn in R1T1 and R1T2 treatments was reduced by 26.8% and 42.2% in YN19 and 34.2% and 54.7% in XM26, respectively”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized phosphorus application increased Pn across temperature treatments in both cultivars relative to traditional application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- Pne1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 6.5%, 8.9% and 12.7% in YN19 and 7.7%, 15.6% and 22.6% in XM26e0
- Comparator
- TPAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it increased by 6.5%, 8.9% and 12.7% in YN19 and 7.7%, 15.6% and 22.6% in XM26 for R2CK, R2T1 and R2T2 treatments, respectively, under OPA compared with TPA at the same temperature treatments”
e1“The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of flag leaves decreased in low-temperature treatments”
t0“Winter Wheat by Enhancing Photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature reduced dry matter accumulation at reproductive growth.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- reproductive growth stagee0
- Treatment
- low-temperature stresse0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low-temperature stress reduced dry matter accumulation at the reproductive growth stage”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized phosphorus application increased dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs after flowering.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative organse0
- Treatment
- OPAe0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“OPA increased dry matter accumulation of vegetative organs after the flowering stage”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized phosphorus application promoted assimilate transport to grain.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Optimized Phosphorus Applicationt0
- Outcome
- transportation of assimilates to grainse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted the transportation of assimilates to grains”
t0“Optimized Phosphorus Application Alleviated Adverse Effects of Short-Term Low-Temperature Stress in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain number per spike, grain weight and yield per plant increased under optimized phosphorus application.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPAe1
- Outcome
- grain number per spike (GNPS), 1000-grain weight (TGW) and yield per plant (YPP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Hence, the grain number per spike (GNPS), 1000-grain weight (TGW) and yield per plant (YPP) increased”
e1“OPA increased dry matter accumulation of vegetative organs after the flowering stage”
t0“Winter Wheat by Enhancing Photosynthesis and Improved Accumulation and Partitioning of Dry Matter”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling and freezing caused wheat yield losses of 24.1~64.1%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low-temperature treatments of T1 and T2e0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Direction
- lossese0
- Value
- 24.1~64.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The low-temperature treatments of T1 and T2 caused yield losses of 24.1~64.1%”
t0“Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized phosphorus application increased wheat yield by 8.6~20.5%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- OPA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.6~20.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield increased by 8.6~20.5% under OPA treatments among the two wheat cultivars”
t0“Winter Wheat”
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