Abstract
Effects of low‐temperature stress, cold acclimation and growth at high irradiance in a spring ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Katepwa) and a winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Monopol) were examined in leaves and crowns with respect to the sucrose utilisation and carbon allocation. Light‐saturated and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation were decreased by 50% in cold‐stressed spring and winter wheat cultivars. Cold‐ or high light‐acclimated Katepwa spring wheat maintained light‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation comparable to those of control spring wheat. In contrast, cold‐ or high light‐acclimated winter wheat maintained higher light and CO 2 ‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation than non‐acclimated controls. In leaves, during either cold stress, cold acclimation or acclimation to high irradiance, the sucrose/starch ratio increased by 5‐ to 10‐fold and neutral invertase activity increased by 2‐ to 2.5‐fold in both the spring and the winter wheat. In contrast, Monopol winter wheat, but not Katepwa spring wheat, exhibited a 3‐fold increase in leaf sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, a 4‐fold increase in sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activity and a 6.6‐fold increase in acid invertase upon cold acclimation. Although leaves of cold‐stressed and high light‐grown spring and winter wheat showed 2.3‐ to 7‐fold higher sucrose levels than controls, these plants exhibited a limited capacity to adjust either sucrose phosphate synthase or sucrose synthase activity (SS[s]). In addition, the acclimation to high light resulted in a 23–31% lower starch abundance and no changes at the level of fructan accumulation in leaves of either winter or spring wheat when compared with controls. However, high light‐acclimated winter wheat exhibited a 1.8‐fold higher neutral invertase activity and high light‐acclimated spring wheat exhibited an induction of SS(d) activity when compared with controls. Crowns of Monopol showed higher fructan accumulation than Katepwa upon cold and high light acclimation. We suggest that the differential adjustment of CO 2 ‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation upon cold acclimation in Monopol winter wheat, as compared with Katepwa spring wheat, is associated with the increased capacity of Monopol for sucrose utilisation through the biosynthesis of fructans in the leaves and subsequent export to the crowns. In contrast, the differential adjustment of CO 2 ‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation upon high light acclimation of Monopol appears to be associated with both increased fructan and starch accumulation in the crowns.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress decreased light- and CO2-saturated assimilation by 50% in both wheat cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- cold‐stressede0
- Outcome
- rates of CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Light‐saturated and carbon dioxide (CO 2 )‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation were decreased by 50% in cold‐stressed spring and winter wheat cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold or high-light acclimated spring wheat maintained light-saturated assimilation comparable to control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Katepwae0
- Treatment
- Cold‐ or high light‐acclimatede0
- Outcome
- light‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- control spring wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Cold‐ or high light‐acclimated Katepwa spring wheat maintained light‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation comparable to those of control spring wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold or high-light acclimated winter wheat maintained higher light- and CO2-saturated assimilation than controls.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cold‐ or high light‐acclimatede0
- Outcome
- light and CO 2 ‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non‐acclimated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“cold‐ or high light‐acclimated winter wheat maintained higher light and CO 2 ‐saturated rates of CO 2 assimilation than non‐acclimated controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress, cold acclimation or high light raised leaf sucrose/starch ratio 5- to 10-fold in both wheats.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- springe0
- Treatment
- cold stress, cold acclimation or acclimation to high irradiancee0
- Outcome
- sucrose/starch ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5‐ to 10‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“during either cold stress, cold acclimation or acclimation to high irradiance, the sucrose/starch ratio increased by 5‐ to 10‐fold and neutral invertase activity increased by 2‐ to 2.5‐fold in both the spring and the winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Those treatments raised leaf neutral invertase activity 2- to 2.5-fold in both wheats.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cold stress, cold acclimation or acclimation to high irradiancee0
- Gene
- neutral invertasee0
- Outcome
- neutral invertase activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2‐ to 2.5‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“during either cold stress, cold acclimation or acclimation to high irradiance, the sucrose/starch ratio increased by 5‐ to 10‐fold and neutral invertase activity increased by 2‐ to 2.5‐fold in both the spring and the winter wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation raised Monopol winter wheat sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity by 3‐fold.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Monopole0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)e0
- Outcome
- sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Monopol winter wheat, but not Katepwa spring wheat, exhibited a 3‐fold increase in leaf sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, a 4‐fold increase in sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activity and a 6.6‐fold increase in acid invertase upon cold acclimation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation raised Monopol winter wheat sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activity by 4‐fold.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Monopole0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferasee0
- Outcome
- sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Monopol winter wheat, but not Katepwa spring wheat, exhibited a 3‐fold increase in leaf sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, a 4‐fold increase in sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activity and a 6.6‐fold increase in acid invertase upon cold acclimation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold acclimation raised Monopol winter wheat acid invertase by 6.6‐fold.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Monopole0
- Treatment
- cold acclimatione0
- Gene
- acid invertasee0
- Outcome
- acid invertasee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 6.6‐folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Monopol winter wheat, but not Katepwa spring wheat, exhibited a 3‐fold increase in leaf sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity, a 4‐fold increase in sucrose:sucrose fructosyl transferase activity and a 6.6‐fold increase in acid invertase upon cold acclimation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold-stressed and high-light grown wheat leaves had 2.3- to 7-fold higher sucrose than controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- cold‐stressed and high light‐growne0
- Outcome
- sucrose levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.3‐ to 7‐folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“leaves of cold‐stressed and high light‐grown spring and winter wheat showed 2.3‐ to 7‐fold higher sucrose levels than controls”
Claim · model-written summary
High-light acclimation lowered wheat leaf starch abundance by 23–31%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high lighte0
- Outcome
- starch abundancee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 23–31%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“high light resulted in a 23–31% lower starch abundance and no changes at the level of fructan accumulation in leaves of either winter or spring wheat when compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
High light did not change leaf fructan accumulation in either wheat type.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high lighte0
- Outcome
- fructan accumulatione0
- Direction
- no changese0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“high light resulted in a 23–31% lower starch abundance and no changes at the level of fructan accumulation in leaves of either winter or spring wheat when compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-light acclimated winter wheat had 1.8-fold higher neutral invertase activity than controls.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high light‐acclimatede0
- Gene
- neutral invertasee0
- Outcome
- neutral invertase activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.8‐folde0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“high light‐acclimated winter wheat exhibited a 1.8‐fold higher neutral invertase activity and high light‐acclimated spring wheat exhibited an induction of SS(d) activity when compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-light acclimated spring wheat induced SS(d) activity versus controls.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- high light‐acclimatede0
- Gene
- SS(d)e0
- Outcome
- SS(d) activitye0
- Direction
- inductione0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“high light‐acclimated winter wheat exhibited a 1.8‐fold higher neutral invertase activity and high light‐acclimated spring wheat exhibited an induction of SS(d) activity when compared with controls.”
Claim · model-written summary
Monopol crowns accumulated more fructan than Katepwa after cold and high-light acclimation.
Verbatim
t0“spring and winter wheat”
e0“Crowns of Monopol showed higher fructan accumulation than Katepwa upon cold and high light acclimation.”
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