Abstract
The relationships between salinity and mineral nutrition are extremely complex and may change depending on many factors in soil-plant system. We investigated the contribution of silicon (Si at 50 mg kg−1 soil) and potassium (K at 40 and 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil) to improve salt tolerance in sunflower grown with 100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl). The experimental design was factorial based on a completely randomized design with five replications. Added NaCl increased sodium ion (Na+) accumulation by 966 percent in shoots and 1200 percent in roots but reduced shoot potassium ion (K+) concentration by 49 percent, root K+ 51 percent, and shoot K+/Na+ ratio 95 percent. However, Si and K application effectively reduced Na+ accumulation and increased K+ concentration and K+:Na+ ratio, with a significant improvement in plant growth and yield. Among all treatments, greater alleviative effects of Si and K were observed for 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil, which decreased shoot Na+ concentration by 67 percent, root Na+ 18 percent, and shoot Na+/root Na+ ratio 60 percent and increased shoot K+ by 198 percent, shoot K+/Na+ ratio 812 percent, membrane stability index (MSI) 35 percent, relative water content (RWC) 26 percent, and seed weight head−1 86 percent compared to salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K. Most of the plant growth parameters were negatively correlated with Na+ accumulation but positively correlated with K+ and K+/Na+ ratio. This study suggests that Si and K mediated reduction in Na+ accumulation, and increase in K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, and MSI are the main factors contributing to improved adaptation capability of sunflower to NaCl stress.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Added NaCl increased sodium ion accumulation in sunflower shoots by 966 percent.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Added NaCle0
- Outcome
- sodium ion (Na+) accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 966 percente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Added NaCl increased sodium ion (Na+) accumulation by 966 percent in shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Added NaCl increased sodium ion accumulation in sunflower roots by 1200 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Added NaCle0
- Outcome
- sodium ion (Na+) accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1200 percente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Added NaCl increased sodium ion (Na+) accumulation by 966 percent in shoots and 1200 percent in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Added NaCl reduced shoot potassium ion concentration by 49 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Added NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoot potassium ion (K+) concentratione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 49 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Added NaCl”
e1“reduced shoot potassium ion (K+) concentration by 49 percent”
Claim · model-written summary
Added NaCl reduced root K+ by 51 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Added NaCle0
- Outcome
- root K+e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 51 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Added NaCl”
e1“reduced shoot potassium ion (K+) concentration by 49 percent, root K+ 51 percent”
Claim · model-written summary
Added NaCl reduced the shoot K+/Na+ ratio by 95 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Added NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoot K+/Na+ ratioe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 95 percente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Added NaCl”
e1“reduced shoot potassium ion (K+) concentration by 49 percent, root K+ 51 percent, and shoot K+/Na+ ratio 95 percent”
Claim · model-written summary
Si and K application effectively reduced Na+ accumulation compared with salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Si and K applicatione0
- Outcome
- Na+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Si and K application effectively reduced Na+ accumulation”
e1“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Si and K application increased K+ concentration and the K+:Na+ ratio in salt-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Si and K applicatione0
- Outcome
- K+ concentration and K+:Na+ ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Si and K application effectively reduced Na+ accumulation and increased K+ concentration and K+:Na+ ratio”
e1“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Si and K application gave a significant improvement in plant growth and yield of salt-stressed sunflower.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Si and K applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth and yielde0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Si and K application effectively reduced Na+ accumulation and increased K+ concentration and K+:Na+ ratio, with a significant improvement in plant growth and yield”
e1“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O per kg soil decreased shoot Na+ concentration by 67 percent relative to salt-stressed plants without Si and K.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- shoot Na+ concentratione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 67 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“decreased shoot Na+ concentration by 67 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment decreased root Na+ by 18 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- root Na+e1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 18 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“decreased shoot Na+ concentration by 67 percent, root Na+ 18 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment decreased the shoot Na+/root Na+ ratio by 60 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- shoot Na+/root Na+ ratioe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 60 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“decreased shoot Na+ concentration by 67 percent, root Na+ 18 percent, and shoot Na+/root Na+ ratio 60 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased shoot K+ by 198 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- shoot K+e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 198 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“increased shoot K+ by 198 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased the shoot K+/Na+ ratio by 812 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- shoot K+/Na+ ratioe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 812 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“increased shoot K+ by 198 percent, shoot K+/Na+ ratio 812 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased membrane stability index by 35 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- membrane stability index (MSI)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“increased shoot K+ by 198 percent, shoot K+/Na+ ratio 812 percent, membrane stability index (MSI) 35 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased relative water content by 26 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- relative water content (RWC)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 26 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“increased shoot K+ by 198 percent, shoot K+/Na+ ratio 812 percent, membrane stability index (MSI) 35 percent, relative water content (RWC) 26 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatment increased seed weight per head by 86 percent.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soile0
- Outcome
- seed weight head−1e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 86 percente1
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“50 mg Si + 60 mg K2O kg−1 soil”
e1“increased shoot K+ by 198 percent, shoot K+/Na+ ratio 812 percent, membrane stability index (MSI) 35 percent, relative water content (RWC) 26 percent, and seed weight head−1 86 percent”
e2“salt-stressed plants without supplemental Si and K”
Claim · model-written summary
Most plant growth parameters were negatively correlated with Na+ accumulation.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Compound
- Na+ accumulatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- negatively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Most of the plant growth parameters were negatively correlated with Na+ accumulation but positively correlated with K+ and K+/Na+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Most plant growth parameters were positively correlated with K+ and the K+/Na+ ratio.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Compound
- K+ and K+/Na+ ratioe0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sunflower”
e0“Most of the plant growth parameters were negatively correlated with Na+ accumulation but positively correlated with K+ and K+/Na+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that Si and K mediated reduction in Na+ accumulation and increases in K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, RWC and MSI are the main factors improving the adaptation capability of sunflower to NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Si and Ke0
- Outcome
- improved adaptation capabilitye0
- Qualifier
- reduction in Na+ accumulation, and increase in K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, and MSIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study suggests that Si and K mediated reduction in Na+ accumulation, and increase in K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, RWC, and MSI are the main factors contributing to improved adaptation capability of sunflower to NaCl stress”
The same questions in other papers
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potassium · physiology: water · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.