Abstract
Recommended concentrations of manganese and boron in Hoagland culture solutions have been found to be toxic to barley, slightly toxic to lettuce and non-toxic to tomato plants. Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions developed dark brown spots on the older leaves. These spots varied from small spots to large blotchy areas. A decrease in yield and an increase in spotting were found to be associated with an increase in the manganese and boron coucentrations of the solutions. A correlation was observed between the manganese content of the leaf and the appearance of manganese toxicity symptoms. Decreasing the manganese concentration, increasing the macro-salt concentration or adding sodium silicate to the culture solution repressed or prevented the appearance of manganese spots. Calcium, magnesium and potassium salts were found to be antagonistic to manganese, reducing the manganese content of the leaf tissue when supplementing the salts already present in the solutions. Silicon was found to repress manganese toxicity symptoms but had no effect upon the manganese content of the leaf tissue. Reducing the boron concentration or increasing the macro-salt concentration eliminated the boron type spotting while the addition of silicon resulted in only a slight decrease in the necrosis due to boron. Barley plants grown in winter tolerated much higher manganese and boron concentrations before showing toxicity symptoms than plants grown in the summer. Manganese and boron toxicity and manganese deficiency symptoms are compared in a photograph.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were toxic to barley.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- Recommended concentrations of manganese and borone0
- Outcome
- toxic to barleye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Recommended concentrations of manganese and boron in Hoagland culture solutions have been found to be toxic to barley, slightly toxic to lettuce and non-toxic to tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were slightly toxic to lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Recommended concentrations of manganese and borone0
- Outcome
- slightly toxic to lettucee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recommended concentrations of manganese and boron in Hoagland culture solutions have been found to be toxic to barley, slightly toxic to lettuce and non-toxic to tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended manganese and boron concentrations were non-toxic to tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- Recommended concentrations of manganese and borone0
- Outcome
- non-toxic to tomato plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recommended concentrations of manganese and boron in Hoagland culture solutions have been found to be toxic to barley, slightly toxic to lettuce and non-toxic to tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley in standard Hoagland solution developed dark brown older-leaf spots.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese0
- Outcome
- dark brown spotse0
- Setting
- standard Hoagland solutionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions developed dark brown spots on the older leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher manganese and boron concentrations were associated with decrease in barley yield.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- manganese and boron coucentrationse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A decrease in yield and an increase in spotting were found to be associated with an increase in the manganese and boron coucentrations of the solutions”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher manganese and boron concentrations were associated with increase in barley spotting.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- manganese and boron coucentrationse0
- Outcome
- spottinge0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A decrease in yield and an increase in spotting were found to be associated with an increase in the manganese and boron coucentrations of the solutions”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley leaf manganese content correlated with toxicity symptoms.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Compound
- manganesee0
- Outcome
- appearance of manganese toxicity symptomse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A correlation was observed between the manganese content of the leaf and the appearance of manganese toxicity symptoms”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Decreasing the manganese concentration repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Decreasing the manganese concentratione0
- Outcome
- appearance of manganese spotse0
- Direction
- repressed or preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing the manganese concentration, increasing the macro-salt concentration or adding sodium silicate to the culture solution repressed or prevented the appearance of manganese spots”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing the macro-salt concentration repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- increasing the macro-salt concentratione0
- Outcome
- appearance of manganese spotse0
- Direction
- repressed or preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing the manganese concentration, increasing the macro-salt concentration or adding sodium silicate to the culture solution repressed or prevented the appearance of manganese spots”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
adding sodium silicate repressed or prevented barley manganese spots.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- adding sodium silicatee0
- Outcome
- appearance of manganese spotse0
- Direction
- repressed or preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreasing the manganese concentration, increasing the macro-salt concentration or adding sodium silicate to the culture solution repressed or prevented the appearance of manganese spots”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental calcium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Calciume0
- Outcome
- manganese content of the leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium, magnesium and potassium salts were found to be antagonistic to manganese, reducing the manganese content of the leaf tissue when supplementing the salts already present in the solutions”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental magnesium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- magnesiume0
- Outcome
- manganese content of the leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium, magnesium and potassium salts were found to be antagonistic to manganese, reducing the manganese content of the leaf tissue when supplementing the salts already present in the solutions”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplemental potassium salts reduced barley leaf manganese.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- potassiume0
- Outcome
- manganese content of the leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium, magnesium and potassium salts were found to be antagonistic to manganese, reducing the manganese content of the leaf tissue when supplementing the salts already present in the solutions”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon repressed barley manganese toxicity symptoms.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Silicone0
- Outcome
- manganese toxicity symptomse0
- Direction
- represse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silicon was found to repress manganese toxicity symptoms but had no effect upon the manganese content of the leaf tissue”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon had no effect on barley leaf manganese content.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Silicone0
- Outcome
- manganese content of the leaf tissuee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silicon was found to repress manganese toxicity symptoms but had no effect upon the manganese content of the leaf tissue”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the boron concentration eliminated boron spotting in barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- Reducing the boron concentratione0
- Outcome
- boron type spottinge0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing the boron concentration or increasing the macro-salt concentration eliminated the boron type spotting”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
increasing the macro-salt concentration eliminated boron spotting in barley.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- increasing the macro-salt concentratione0
- Outcome
- boron type spottinge0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing the boron concentration or increasing the macro-salt concentration eliminated the boron type spotting”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Added silicon slightly reduced barley boron necrosis.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- addition of silicone0
- Outcome
- necrosis due to borone0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- only a slight decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the addition of silicon resulted in only a slight decrease in the necrosis due to boron”
e1“Barley plants grown in standard Hoagland solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter-grown barley tolerated higher manganese before toxicity symptoms than summer-grown plants.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- manganesee0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- grown in wintere0
- Comparator
- plants grown in the summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley plants grown in winter tolerated much higher manganese and boron concentrations before showing toxicity symptoms than plants grown in the summer”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter-grown barley tolerated higher boron concentrations before toxicity symptoms than summer-grown plants.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- boron concentrationse0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- grown in wintere0
- Comparator
- plants grown in the summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Barley plants grown in winter tolerated much higher manganese and boron concentrations before showing toxicity symptoms than plants grown in the summer”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.