Abstract
Abstract In order to assess whether salt tolerance could be improved in spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), the present study was performed by soaking the seeds of two cultivars, namely MH‐97 (salt sensitive) and Inqlab‐91 (salt tolerant), for 12 h in distilled water or 100 mol/m 3 CaCl 2 , KCl, or NaCl. Primed seeds from each treatment group and non‐primed seeds were sown in a field in which NaCl salinity of 15 dS/m was developed. Priming of seeds with CaCl 2 , followed by priming with KCl and NaCl, was found to be effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on both wheat cultivars in terms of shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yield. Priming with CaCl 2 alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on hormonal balance in plants of both cultivars. In MH‐97 plants, CaCl 2 pretreatment considerably reduced leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and increased leaf free salicylic acid (SA) concentrations under both saline and non‐saline conditions. In contrast, in the Inqlab‐91 plant, CaCl 2 increased free indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) content. However, priming of seeds with CaCl 2 did not alter free polyamine levels in either cultivar, although spermidine levels were considerably lower in plants raised from seeds treated with CaCl 2 for both cultivars under saline conditions. Priming with KCl increased growth in Inqlab‐91 plants, but not in MH‐97 plants, under saline conditions. The salinity induced reduction in auxins (IAA and IBA) was alleviated by NaCl priming in both cultivars under saline conditions. However, NaCl increased leaf free ABA content and lowered leaf SA and putrescine levels in Inqlab‐91 plants under saline conditions. In conclusion, although all three priming agents (i.e. CaCl 2 , KCl, and NaCl) were effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat plants, their effects on altering the levels of different plant hormones were different in the two cultivars. (Managing editor: Ping He)
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 priming alleviated salt stress effects on shoot weights and grain yield in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Priming of seeds with CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yielde0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming of seeds with CaCl 2 , followed by priming with KCl and NaCl, was found to be effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on both wheat cultivars in terms of shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl priming alleviated salt stress effects on shoot weights and grain yield in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- priming with KCle0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yielde0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming with KCl and NaCl, was found to be effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on both wheat cultivars in terms of shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl priming alleviated salt stress effects on shoot weights and grain yield in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yielde0
- Direction
- alleviatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming with KCl and NaCl, was found to be effective in alleviating the adverse effects of salt stress on both wheat cultivars in terms of shoot fresh and dry weights and grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 priming alleviated salt stress effects on hormonal balance in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- hormonal balancee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with CaCl 2 alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on hormonal balance in plants of both cultivars.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 pretreatment reduced leaf ABA in MH‐97 under saline and non saline conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- MH‐97e0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2 pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrationse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In MH‐97 plants, CaCl 2 pretreatment considerably reduced leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and increased leaf free salicylic acid (SA) concentrations under both saline and non‐saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 pretreatment increased leaf free SA in MH‐97 under saline and non saline conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- MH‐97e0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2 pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf free salicylic acid (SA) concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In MH‐97 plants, CaCl 2 pretreatment considerably reduced leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations and increased leaf free salicylic acid (SA) concentrations under both saline and non‐saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 increased free IAA and IBA in Inqlab‐91.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Inqlab‐91e0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- free indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, in the Inqlab‐91 plant, CaCl 2 increased free indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA) content.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 priming did not alter free polyamine levels in either cultivar.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- free polyamine levelse0
- Direction
- did not altere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming of seeds with CaCl 2 did not alter free polyamine levels in either cultivar”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl 2 priming lowered spermidine under saline conditions in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seeds treated with CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- spermidine levelse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spermidine levels were considerably lower in plants raised from seeds treated with CaCl 2 for both cultivars under saline conditions”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl priming increased growth in Inqlab‐91 under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Inqlab‐91e0
- Treatment
- Priming with KCle0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with KCl increased growth in Inqlab‐91 plants, but not in MH‐97 plants, under saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
KCl priming did not increase growth in MH‐97 under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- MH‐97e0
- Treatment
- Priming with KCle0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Priming with KCl increased growth in Inqlab‐91 plants, but not in MH‐97 plants, under saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl priming alleviated salinity induced reductions in IAA and IBA in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- NaCl priminge0
- Outcome
- auxins (IAA and IBA)e0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The salinity induced reduction in auxins (IAA and IBA) was alleviated by NaCl priming in both cultivars under saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl priming increased leaf free ABA in Inqlab‐91 under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Inqlab‐91e0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- leaf free ABA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl increased leaf free ABA content and lowered leaf SA and putrescine levels in Inqlab‐91 plants under saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl priming lowered leaf SA and putrescine in Inqlab‐91 under salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Inqlab‐91e0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- leaf SA and putrescine levelse0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NaCl increased leaf free ABA content and lowered leaf SA and putrescine levels in Inqlab‐91 plants under saline conditions.”
t0“Wheat Plants”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
24 papers more in this group
See all 28 papers →potassium chloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
27 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →calcium dichloride · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
calcium dichloride · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →potassium chloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
17 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →sodium chloride · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →seed treatment · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
37 papers more in this group
See all 41 papers →seed treatment · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
258 papers in the same direction as this paper · 31 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
289 papers more in this group
See all 293 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.