Abstract
During the 2007 winter cropping season in Australia, severe leaf-spotting (necrosis) symptoms resembling chloride (Cl–) deficiency found in North America were reported in the newly released durum wheat variety Jandaroi. Testing for bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens all proved negative. Four Australian durum and four Australian bread wheat varieties were grown, along with a North American variety of each, in a glasshouse experiment using a sterile sand–vermiculite mix and nutrient solutions containing 0 (nil), 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mm Cl–. When grown in the nil Cl– solution, all durum and some bread wheat varieties produced leaf-spotting symptoms the same as observed in the field. Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties. In field experiments, additions of Cl– fertiliser as KCl at sowing provided no biomass or yield response from a range of wheat varieties, probably because the plants accessed sufficient Cl– from below 0.9 m depth in the soil. Chloride concentrations in whole-plant tissue sampled at head emergence suggested that unfertilised plants were borderline deficient in Cl– according to critical values established in North America. An in-crop foliar Cl– application experiment showed linear uptake of applied Cl–, as MgCl2, until the end of tillering. However, because leaf-spotting symptoms typically appear only after tillering, it is not possible to correct Cl– deficiency by adding Cl– fertiliser to the affected crop after symptoms appear. Managing Cl– in susceptible crops therefore needs to be preventative rather than curative. Among commercial varieties, Jandaroi was highly sensitive to low Cl–, Caparoi was moderately sensitive, and EGA Bellaroi was tolerant. Several elite durum breeding lines grown in 2010 showed considerably reduced leaf spotting compared with Jandaroi under low Cl– conditions, indicating potential for conventional breeding to reduce the potential impact of low Cl– soils on durum production in northern Australia.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Nil Cl– solution produced leaf-spotting symptoms in durum and some bread wheat varieties, matching those seen in the field.
- Taxon
- durum and some bread wheat varietiese1
- Treatment
- nil Cl– solutione1
- Outcome
- leaf-spotting symptomse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e1“When grown in the nil Cl– solution, all durum and some bread wheat varieties produced leaf-spotting symptoms the same as observed in the field”
Claim · model-written summary
Nil Cl– delayed flowering in most durum and bread wheat varieties.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e2“Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nil Cl– reduced biomass in most durum and bread wheat varieties.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e2“Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nil Cl– decreased grain size in most durum and bread wheat varieties.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e2“Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Nil Cl– depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e2“Nil Cl– also delayed flowering, reduced biomass, decreased grain size, and depressed grain yield in most durum and bread wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Cl– fertiliser applied as KCl at sowing gave no biomass or yield response in a range of wheat varieties in field experiments.
- Taxon
- wheat varieties
Triticum aestivume4 - Treatment
- additions of Cl– fertiliser as KCl at sowinge4
- Outcome
- biomass or yield responsee4
- Direction
- provided noe4
- Setting
- In field experimentse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e4“In field experiments, additions of Cl– fertiliser as KCl at sowing provided no biomass or yield response from a range of wheat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-plant Cl– concentrations at head emergence suggested that unfertilised plants were borderline deficient by North American critical values.
- Taxon
- durum wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Organ / stage
- head emergencee6
- Outcome
- Chloride concentrations in whole-plant tissuee6
- Qualifier
- borderline deficient in Cl– according to critical values established in North Americae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e6“Chloride concentrations in whole-plant tissue sampled at head emergence suggested that unfertilised plants were borderline deficient in Cl– according to critical values established in North America”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Cl– application was taken up linearly as MgCl2 until the end of tillering in an in-crop experiment.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Cl– applicatione7
- Outcome
- uptake of applied Cl–e7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Qualifier
- until the end of tilleringe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e7“An in-crop foliar Cl– application experiment showed linear uptake of applied Cl–, as MgCl2, until the end of tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf-spotting symptoms typically appear only after tillering.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- leaf-spotting symptomse6
- Qualifier
- typically appear only after tilleringe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e6“because leaf-spotting symptoms typically appear only after tillering, it is not possible to correct Cl– deficiency by adding Cl– fertiliser to the affected crop after symptoms appear”
Claim · model-written summary
Cl– management in susceptible durum wheat crops should be preventative rather than curative.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- preventative rather than curativee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e7“Managing Cl– in susceptible crops therefore needs to be preventative rather than curative”
Claim · model-written summary
Jandaroi durum wheat was highly sensitive to low Cl–.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Jandaroie5
- Treatment
- low Cl–e5
- Outcome
- highly sensitivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e5“Among commercial varieties, Jandaroi was highly sensitive to low Cl–, Caparoi was moderately sensitive, and EGA Bellaroi was tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Caparoi durum wheat was moderately sensitive to low Cl–.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- Caparoie5
- Treatment
- low Cl–e5
- Outcome
- moderately sensitivee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e5“Among commercial varieties, Jandaroi was highly sensitive to low Cl–, Caparoi was moderately sensitive, and EGA Bellaroi was tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
EGA Bellaroi durum wheat was tolerant of low Cl–.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- EGA Bellaroie5
- Treatment
- low Cl–e5
- Outcome
- tolerante5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e5“Among commercial varieties, Jandaroi was highly sensitive to low Cl–, Caparoi was moderately sensitive, and EGA Bellaroi was tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Several elite durum breeding lines showed considerably less leaf spotting than Jandaroi under low Cl– conditions.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Material
- elite durum breeding linese4
- Treatment
- low Cl– conditionse4
- Outcome
- leaf spottinge4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- considerablye4
- Comparator
- Jandaroie4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e4“Several elite durum breeding lines grown in 2010 showed considerably reduced leaf spotting compared with Jandaroi under low Cl– conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional breeding has potential to reduce the impact of low Cl– soils on durum production in northern Australia.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- potential impact of low Cl– soils on durum productione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e5“indicating potential for conventional breeding to reduce the potential impact of low Cl– soils on durum production in northern Australia”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial, fungal and viral pathogen tests on the affected durum wheat were all negative.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Interactor
- bacterial, fungal and viral pathogense6pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogense6
- Qualifier
- all proved negativee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e6“Testing for bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens all proved negative”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants probably accessed sufficient Cl– from below 0.9 m soil depth, which likely explains the absence of a field biomass or yield response to KCl.
- Taxon
- durum wheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- biomass or yield responsee4
- Qualifier
- accessed sufficient Cl– from below 0.9 m depth in the soile5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Confirmation of chloride deficiency as the cause of leaf spotting in durum wheat”
e4“In field experiments, additions of Cl– fertiliser as KCl at sowing provided no biomass or yield response from a range of wheat varieties”
e5“probably because the plants accessed sufficient Cl– from below 0.9 m depth in the soil”
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See all 3,438 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.