Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are potent regulators of photosynthesis and crop yield in agricultural crops; however, the mechanism by which BRs increase photosynthesis is not fully understood. Here, we show that foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber. H(2)O(2) treatment induced increases in CO(2) assimilation whilst inhibition of the H(2)O(2) accumulation by its generation inhibitor or scavenger completely abolished EBR-induced CO(2) assimilation. Increases of light harvesting due to larger leaf areas in EBR- and H(2)O(2)-treated plants were accompanied by increases in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ(PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P)). EBR and H(2)O(2) both activated carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase (Rubisco) from analysis of CO(2) response curve and in vitro measurement of Rubisco activities. Moreover, EBR and H(2)O(2) increased contents of total soluble sugar, sucrose, hexose, and starch, followed by enhanced activities of sugar metabolism such as sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and invertase. Interestingly, expression of transcripts of enzymes involved in starch and sugar utilization were inhibited by EBR and H(2)O(2). However, the effects of EBR on carbohydrate metabolisms were reversed by the H(2)O(2) generation inhibitor diphenyleneodonium (DPI) or scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) pretreatment. All of these results indicate that H(2)O(2) functions as a secondary messenger for EBR-induced CO(2) assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber plants. Our study confirms that H(2)O(2) mediates the regulation of photosynthesis by BRs and suggests that EBR and H(2)O(2) regulate Calvin cycle and sugar metabolism via redox signaling and thus increase the photosynthetic potential and yield of crops.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar EBR increased CO2 assimilation, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and leaf area in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse1 - Treatment
- foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR)e1
- Outcome
- CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf areae1
- Direction
- increasese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 treatment increased CO2 assimilation in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- H(2)O(2) treatmente2
- Compound
- H(2)O(2)e2
- Outcome
- CO(2) assimilatione2
- Direction
- increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e2“H(2)O(2) treatment induced increases in CO(2) assimilation whilst inhibition of the H(2)O(2) accumulation by its generation inhibitor or scavenger completely abolished EBR-induced CO(2) assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting H2O2 accumulation abolished EBR-induced CO2 assimilation in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- inhibition of the H(2)O(2) accumulation by its generation inhibitor or scavengere2
- Compound
- H(2)O(2)e2
- Outcome
- EBR-induced CO(2) assimilatione2
- Direction
- abolishede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e2“H(2)O(2) treatment induced increases in CO(2) assimilation whilst inhibition of the H(2)O(2) accumulation by its generation inhibitor or scavenger completely abolished EBR-induced CO(2) assimilation”
Claim · model-written summary
Light harvesting increased in EBR- and H2O2-treated cucumber plants due to larger leaf areas.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR- and H(2)O(2)-treated plantse3
- Outcome
- light harvestinge3
- Direction
- Increasese3
- Qualifier
- due to larger leaf arease3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e3“Increases of light harvesting due to larger leaf areas in EBR- and H(2)O(2)-treated plants were accompanied by increases in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ(PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P))”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR- and H2O2-treated cucumber plants showed increased photochemical efficiency of PSII and photochemical quenching coefficient.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR- and H(2)O(2)-treated plantse3
- Outcome
- photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ(PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P))e3
- Direction
- increasese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e3“Increases of light harvesting due to larger leaf areas in EBR- and H(2)O(2)-treated plants were accompanied by increases in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Φ(PSII)) and photochemical quenching coefficient (q(P))”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 both activated Rubisco carboxylation efficiency in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e4
- Gene
- ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase (Rubisco)e4
- Outcome
- carboxylation efficiencye4
- Direction
- activatede4
- Qualifier
- in vitro measuremente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e4“EBR and H(2)O(2) both activated carboxylation efficiency of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase (Rubisco) from analysis of CO(2) response curve and in vitro measurement of Rubisco activities”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 increased total soluble sugar, sucrose and hexose contents in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e5
- Outcome
- total soluble sugar, sucrose, hexosee5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e5“EBR and H(2)O(2) increased contents of total soluble sugar, sucrose, hexose, and starch, followed by enhanced activities of sugar metabolism such as sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and invertase”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 increased starch content in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e5
- Outcome
- starche5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e5“EBR and H(2)O(2) increased contents of total soluble sugar, sucrose, hexose, and starch, followed by enhanced activities of sugar metabolism such as sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and invertase”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 inhibited expression of transcripts of enzymes involved in starch and sugar utilization in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e6
- Outcome
- expression of transcripts of enzymes involved in starch and sugar utilizatione6
- Direction
- inhibitede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e6“Interestingly, expression of transcripts of enzymes involved in starch and sugar utilization were inhibited by EBR and H(2)O(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 increased activities of sugar metabolism enzymes in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e5
- Gene
- sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and invertasee5
- Outcome
- activities of sugar metabolisme5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e5“EBR and H(2)O(2) increased contents of total soluble sugar, sucrose, hexose, and starch, followed by enhanced activities of sugar metabolism such as sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and invertase”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 generation inhibitor or scavenger pretreatment reversed the EBR effects on carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- H(2)O(2) generation inhibitor diphenyleneodonium (DPI) or scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) pretreatmente7
- Outcome
- effects of EBR on carbohydrate metabolismse7
- Direction
- reversede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e7“However, the effects of EBR on carbohydrate metabolisms were reversed by the H(2)O(2) generation inhibitor diphenyleneodonium (DPI) or scavenger dimethylthiourea (DMTU) pretreatment”
Claim · model-written summary
H2O2 functions as a secondary messenger for EBR-induced CO2 assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Compound
- H(2)O(2)e7
- Outcome
- CO(2) assimilation and carbohydrate metabolisme7
- Qualifier
- secondary messengere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e7“All of these results indicate that H(2)O(2) functions as a secondary messenger for EBR-induced CO(2) assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR and H2O2 may regulate the Calvin cycle and sugar metabolism in cucumber via redox signaling.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse1
- Treatment
- EBR and H(2)O(2)e6
- Outcome
- Calvin cycle and sugar metabolisme6
- Qualifier
- via redox signalinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) resulted in increases in CO(2) assimilation, hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation, and leaf area in cucumber”
e6“EBR and H(2)O(2) regulate Calvin cycle and sugar metabolism via redox signaling”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · physiology: photosynthesis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: metabolites · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · quality: sugar starch · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · molecular: metabolites · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →hydrogen peroxide · physiology: osmolytes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
24-epi-brassinolide · physiology: osmolytes · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →24-epi-brassinolide · physiology: photosynthesis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results agree
14 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →application · physiology: photosynthesis · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.