Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a common precursor of tetrapyrroles as well as a crucial growth regulator in higher plants. ALA has been proven to be effectively in improving photosynthesis and alleviating the adverse effects of various abiotic stresses in higher plants. However, little is known about the mechanism of ALA in ameliorating the photosynthesis of plant under abiotic stress. In this paper, we studied the effects of exogenous ALA on salinity-induced damages of photosynthesis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings. We found that the morphology (plant height, leave area), light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ)) and gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress, but these parameters were all recovered by the foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA. Besides, salinity caused heme accumulation and up-regulation of gene expression of ferrochelatase (HEMH) with suppression of other genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis pathway. Exogenously application of ALA under salinity down-regulated the heme content and HEMH expression, but increased the gene expression levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA1), Mg-chelatase (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR). Moreover, the contents of intermediates involved in chlorophyll branch were increased by ALA, including protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto Ⅸ), protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and chlorophyll (Chl a and Chl b) under salt stress. Ultrastructural observation of mesophyll cell showed that the damages of photosynthetic apparatus under salinity were fixed by ALA. Collectively, the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was enhanced by exogenous ALA to improve the tolerance of cucumber under salinity.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress significantly retarded cucumber seedling height and leaf area.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Cucumis sativuse0 - Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- plant height, leave areae1
- Direction
- retardede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“the morphology (plant height, leave area), light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ)) and gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress significantly retarded PS II light utilization capacity.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ))e1
- Direction
- retardede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ)) and gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl stress significantly retarded gas exchange capacity.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr)e1
- Direction
- retardede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ALA recovered cucumber morphology under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALAe1
- Outcome
- morphology (plant height, leave area)e1
- Direction
- recoverede1
- Comparator
- NaCl stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“the morphology (plant height, leave area), light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ)) and gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress, but these parameters were all recovered by the foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ALA recovered PS II light utilization under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALAe1
- Outcome
- light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ))e1
- Direction
- recoverede1
- Comparator
- NaCl stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“light utilization capacity of PS Ⅱ (qL, Y(Ⅱ)) and gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress, but these parameters were all recovered by the foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar ALA recovered gas exchange under NaCl stress.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALAe1
- Outcome
- gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr)e1
- Direction
- recoverede1
- Comparator
- NaCl stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“gas exchange capacity (Pn, gs, Ci and Tr) were significantly retarded under NaCl stress, but these parameters were all recovered by the foliar application of 25 mg L-1 ALA”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased heme accumulation and HEMH expression.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- heme accumulatione1
- Direction
- accumulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“salinity caused heme accumulation and up-regulation of gene expression of ferrochelatase (HEMH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity up-regulated HEMH expression.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Gene
- ferrochelatase (HEMH)e1
- Outcome
- gene expression of ferrochelatase (HEMH)e1
- Direction
- up-regulatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“salinity caused heme accumulation and up-regulation of gene expression of ferrochelatase (HEMH)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity suppressed other chlorophyll synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- salinitye2
- Outcome
- other genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis pathwaye1
- Direction
- suppressione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“suppression of other genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis pathway”
e2“salinity caused heme accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA lowered heme content under salinity.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- application of ALA under salinitye1
- Outcome
- heme contente1
- Direction
- down-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“Exogenously application of ALA under salinity down-regulated the heme content and HEMH expression”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA lowered HEMH expression under salinity.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- application of ALA under salinitye1
- Gene
- HEMHe1
- Outcome
- HEMH expressione1
- Direction
- down-regulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“Exogenously application of ALA under salinity down-regulated the heme content and HEMH expression”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased expression of HEMA1, CHLH and POR under salinity.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- application of ALA under salinitye1
- Outcome
- gene expression levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA1), Mg-chelatase (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“application of ALA under salinity down-regulated the heme content and HEMH expression, but increased the gene expression levels of glutamyl-tRNA reductase (HEMA1), Mg-chelatase (CHLH) and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR)”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA increased chlorophyll branch intermediates under salt stress.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- ALAe1
- Outcome
- contents of intermediates involved in chlorophyll branche1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto Ⅸ), protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and chlorophyll (Chl a and Chl b)e1
- Comparator
- salt stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“contents of intermediates involved in chlorophyll branch were increased by ALA, including protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto Ⅸ), protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and chlorophyll (Chl a and Chl b) under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
ALA repaired salinity damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- ALAe1
- Outcome
- damages of photosynthetic apparatuse1
- Comparator
- salinitye1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“damages of photosynthetic apparatus under salinity were fixed by ALA”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that ALA enhanced chlorophyll biosynthesis and salinity tolerance in cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)Cucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- exogenous ALAe1
- Outcome
- tolerance of cucumber under salinitye1
- Direction
- improvee1
- Qualifier
- chlorophyll biosynthesis pathwaye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings”
e1“chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway was enhanced by exogenous ALA to improve the tolerance of cucumber under salinity”
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See all 7 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.