Abstract
Paddy herbicides have the potential to cause adverse effects on non‐target plants. Susceptibilities of some aquatic ferns ( Azolla japonica Franch. et Savat., Isoetes japonica A. Braun, Marsilea quadrifolia L. and Salvinia natans All.) and duckweeds ( Lemna minor L. and Spirodela polyrhiza Schleid.) to paddy herbicide bensulfuron methyl (BSM) were evaluated with a 20 day exposure experiment using 200 cm 2 pots. The BSM concentrations in the surface water of monitoring pots with no plants dissipated exponentially with half lives of 3.5 and 3.9 days at application rates of 15 and 150 g ha −1 , respectively. The BSM concentrations in the surface water 1 day after application in the culture pots were comparable among plant species, and were lower than those in the monitoring pots. Bensulfuron methyl reduced the plant growth in all species. I . japonica showed the lowest intrinsic relative growth rate (RGR) and the lowest susceptibility with an effective dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition (ED 50 ) of 21 g ha −1 . Except for I . japonica , the RGR of the duckweeds was similar to the ferns, and ED 50 for the duckweeds was higher than the ferns. ED 50 for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha −1 , respectively, which were smaller than 1/20 of the recommended field dose (51–75 g ha −1 ) and ranged from 1/2 to 1/6 of ED 50 for L . minor and Sp . polyrhiza (6.5 and 3.2 g ha −1 , respectively). These results suggest that BSM application in paddy fields and its runoff in some localities is expected to have adverse effects on the growth of Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia .
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron methyl reduced growth in all tested species.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Bensulfuron methyl reduced the plant growth in all species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Isoetes japonica had the lowest intrinsic relative growth rate and the lowest susceptibility, with an ED50 of 21 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- I . japonica
Isoetes japonicae0 - Outcome
- intrinsic relative growth rate (RGR) and the lowest susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 21 g ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“I . japonica showed the lowest intrinsic relative growth rate (RGR) and the lowest susceptibility with an effective dose resulting in 50% growth inhibition (ED 50 ) of 21 g ha −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
Duckweed relative growth rates were similar to those of ferns except Isoetes japonica, while duckweed ED50 values were higher.
LemnaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for I . japonica , the RGR of the duckweeds was similar to the ferns, and ED 50 for the duckweeds was higher than the ferns.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salvinia natans had a bensulfuron methyl ED50 of 1.1 g ha −1.
Verbatim
e0“ED 50 for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Azolla japonica had a bensulfuron methyl ED50 of 1.8 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- A . japonica
Azolla japonicae0 - Outcome
- ED 50e0
- Value
- 1.8e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ED 50 for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Marsilea quadrifolia had a bensulfuron methyl ED50 of 1.2 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- M . quadrifolia
Marsilea quadrifoliae0 - Outcome
- ED 50e0
- Value
- 1.2 g ha −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ED 50 for Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia were 1.1, 1.8 and 1.2 g ha −1 , respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Lemna minor had a bensulfuron methyl ED50 of 6.5 g ha −1.
- Taxon
- L . minor
Lemna minore0 - Outcome
- ED 50e0
- Value
- 6.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ED 50 for L . minor and Sp . polyrhiza (6.5 and 3.2 g ha −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spirodela polyrhiza had a bensulfuron methyl ED50 of 3.2 g ha −1.
Verbatim
e0“ED 50 for L . minor and Sp . polyrhiza (6.5 and 3.2 g ha −1 , respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bensulfuron methyl application and runoff are expected to adversely affect growth of Salvinia natans, Azolla japonica and Marsilea quadrifolia.
Verbatim
e0“BSM application in paddy fields and its runoff in some localities is expected to have adverse effects on the growth of Sa . natans , A . japonica and M . quadrifolia .”