Abstract
Plant growth regulator (PGR) herbicides dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methyloxybenzoic acid) and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] can severely injure soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] by drift or tank contamination and reduce yield. Often in regulatory disputes, tissue is analyzed for PGR residue. However, relationships between grain yield reduction and foliar residue concentrations at various times after exposure are not well documented. This 2‐yr study quantified the amount of dicamba and 2,4‐D in soybean foliage 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 d after treatment (DAT) when treated with 1 to 20% of 0.56 kg a.e. ha −1 [labeled rate for corn ( Zea mays L.)] at the three‐leaf (V3) stage of growth and determined if these concentrations were correlated to initial application rate or grain yield. Herbicide concentrations were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques with selective ion monitoring. Visual symptoms were slight (<10%) to severe (90%) and included leaf cupping, epinasty and, in some cases, death of the apical bud. Grain yields from dicamba‐treated plants were reduced from 14 to 93% compared with untreated plant yield, whereas only 2,4‐D at the highest rate reduced yield. In both years, foliar residue concentrations were correlated with initial application rates and yield reduction up to 24 DAT for dicamba and 12 DAT for 2,4‐D, with all treatments having residue amounts similar to untreated plants after these intervals. The data suggest that plant samples should be collected as soon as possible after suspected PGR exposure for accurate detection and quantification of PGR residue.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar residue concentrations in soybean were correlated with initial application rates and yield reduction up to 24 days after treatment.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- initial application ratese1
- Outcome
- foliar residue concentrationse1
- Direction
- correlatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e1“In both years, foliar residue concentrations were correlated with initial application rates and yield reduction up to 24 DAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield of soybean plants treated with dicamba was reduced by 14 to 93% compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- dicambae2
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 14 to 93%e2
- Comparator
- untreated plante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e2“Grain yields from dicamba‐treated plants were reduced from 14 to 93% compared with untreated plant yield, whereas only 2,4‐D at the highest rate reduced yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 2,4-D applied at the highest rate reduced soybean yield relative to untreated plants.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2,4‐D at the highest ratee2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- untreated plante2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e2“Grain yields from dicamba‐treated plants were reduced from 14 to 93% compared with untreated plant yield, whereas only 2,4‐D at the highest rate reduced yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Visual injury symptoms in soybean ranged from slight (<10%) to severe (90%), including leaf cupping, epinasty and apical bud death.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- Visual symptomse3
- Qualifier
- slight (<10%) to severe (90%)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e3“Visual symptoms were slight (<10%) to severe (90%) and included leaf cupping, epinasty and, in some cases, death of the apical bud”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar residue amounts of soybean were similar to those of untreated plants after the intervals reported.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- residue amountse4
- Qualifier
- similar to untreated plants after these intervalse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e4“with all treatments having residue amounts similar to untreated plants after these intervals”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant samples should be collected as soon as possible after suspected plant growth regulator herbicide exposure.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- plant samples should be collected as soon as possiblee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Foliage Residues”
e5“plant samples should be collected as soon as possible after suspected PGR exposure”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →dicamba · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
37 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
45 papers more in this group
See all 49 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.