Abstract
Cover crops can influence soil properties and crop yield. We examined the influence of legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)] and nonlegume [rye (Secale cereale L.)] cover crops and N fertilization (0, 90, and 180 kg N ha −1 ) on the short- and long-term effects on soil C and N and tomato yield and N uptake. We measured organic C and N (long-term effects), potential C and N mineralization (PCM and PNM) and inorganic N (short-term effects) periodically on a Greenville fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic, Rhodic Kandiudults) planted with tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) from April to August in 1996 and 1997 in Georgia USA. Soil C and N concentrations increased early in the growing season with cover crop residue incorporation, but decreased as the residue decomposed. Rye increased organic N and maintained greater levels of organic C and PCM after 3 yr than other treatments. In contrast, hairy vetch and crimson clover increased PNM and inorganic N soon after residue incorporation into the soil and produced tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N ha –1 . Nitrogen fertilization increased PNM and inorganic N after split application and tomato yield and N uptake but decreased organic C and N and PCM compared with rye. Compared with 0 kg N ha –1 , nonlegume cover crops, such as rye can increase organic C and N and PCM but legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and crimson clover, can enrich soil N and produce tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N ha −1 . Key words: Cover crops, nitrogen fertilization, soil carbon, soil nitrogen, tomato yield
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soil C and N concentrations increased early in the season after cover crop residue incorporation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- cover crop residue incorporatione1
- Outcome
- Soil C and N concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- early in the growing seasone1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Soil C and N concentrations increased early in the growing season with cover crop residue incorporation, but decreased as the residue decomposed”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil C and N concentrations decreased as the cover crop residue decomposed.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- cover crop residue incorporatione1
- Outcome
- Soil C and N concentrationse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- as the residue decomposede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“Soil C and N concentrations increased early in the growing season with cover crop residue incorporation, but decreased as the residue decomposed”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye increased organic N relative to other treatments after 3 years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ryee2
- Outcome
- organic Ne2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- after 3 yre2
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e2“Rye increased organic N and maintained greater levels of organic C and PCM after 3 yr than other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Rye maintained greater levels of organic C and PCM than other treatments after 3 years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- ryee2
- Outcome
- organic C and PCMe2
- Direction
- greater levelse2
- Qualifier
- after 3 yre2
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e2“Rye increased organic N and maintained greater levels of organic C and PCM after 3 yr than other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch and crimson clover increased potential N mineralization and inorganic N soon after residue incorporation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hairy vetch and crimson clovere3
- Outcome
- PNM and inorganic Ne3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Qualifier
- soon after residue incorporation into the soile3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e3“hairy vetch and crimson clover increased PNM and inorganic N soon after residue incorporation into the soil and produced tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
Hairy vetch and crimson clover produced tomato yield and N uptake similar to those under 90 and 180 kg N fertilisation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hairy vetch and crimson clovere3
- Outcome
- tomato yield and N uptakee3
- Direction
- similare3
- Comparator
- 90 and 180 kg Ne3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e3“hairy vetch and crimson clover increased PNM and inorganic N soon after residue incorporation into the soil and produced tomato yield and N uptake similar to that produced by 90 and 180 kg N”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilisation increased potential N mineralization and inorganic N after split application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- PNM and inorganic Ne4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- after split applicatione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e4“Nitrogen fertilization increased PNM and inorganic N after split application and tomato yield and N uptake but decreased organic C and N and PCM compared with rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilisation increased tomato yield and N uptake.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- tomato yield and N uptakee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e4“Nitrogen fertilization increased PNM and inorganic N after split application and tomato yield and N uptake but decreased organic C and N and PCM compared with rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilisation decreased organic C, N and PCM compared with rye.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- organic C and N and PCMe4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Comparator
- ryee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e4“Nitrogen fertilization increased PNM and inorganic N after split application and tomato yield and N uptake but decreased organic C and N and PCM compared with rye”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonlegume rye cover crop increased organic C, N and PCM compared with 0 kg N.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- nonlegume cover crops, such as ryee6
- Outcome
- organic C and N and PCMe6
- Direction
- increasee6
- Comparator
- 0 kg Ne5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e5“Compared with 0 kg N”
e6“nonlegume cover crops, such as rye can increase organic C and N and PCM”
Claim · model-written summary
Legume cover crops can enrich soil N compared with 0 kg N.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and crimson clovere7
- Outcome
- soil Ne7
- Direction
- enriche7
- Comparator
- 0 kg Ne5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e5“Compared with 0 kg N”
e7“legume cover crops, such as hairy vetch and crimson clover, can enrich soil N”
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