Abstract
Tissue of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.) were examined to determine the effects of repeated sludge applications on the accumulation of Cd and Zn. As many as six crops of Swiss chard and radish and three crops of tomato were cultured in greenhouses during the 15-month experiment. Results showed that the plants did not extract appreciable Cd or Zn from the soil when the soil metals were at indigenous levels. Following the initiation of sludge applications, elevated levels of Cd and Zn were detected in all harvested plant tissues. For Swiss chard and radish, the leaf Cd and Zn concentrations increased with the amount of applied sludge. In tomato, elevated Cd and Zn levels were observed following the initial sludge application; however, subsequent applications did not increase the levels significantly. When crops were planted in soils no longer receiving sludge application, plant tissue continued to exhibit Cd and Zn levels greater than non-sludged controls in all six croppings. If the soil received only a single large dosage of sludges at the beginning and then was continuously cropped for the remainder of the experiment, the highest Cd and Zn content of the plant tissue occurred at the first crop harvest. After the first cropping, the metal concentration in the plant tissue of successive crops was reduced to a stable, but still elevated level (a level greater than the non-sludged controls). There was no indication that the elevated plant-tissue Cd and Zn contents caused by the sludge applications would be reduced to the background level after the termination of sludge disposal.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Plants extracted little Cd or Zn at indigenous soil metal levels.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
Raphanus sativus
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Outcome
- did not extract appreciable Cd or Zne0
- Qualifier
- when the soil metals were at indigenous levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plants did not extract appreciable Cd or Zn from the soil when the soil metals were at indigenous levels”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge application elevated Cd and Zn in harvested plant tissues.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisRaphanus sativusSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- harvested plant tissuese0
- Treatment
- sludge applicationse0
- Outcome
- levels of Cd and Zne0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following the initiation of sludge applications, elevated levels of Cd and Zn were detected in all harvested plant tissues”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Swiss chard leaf Cd and Zn rose with applied sludge amount.
- Taxon
- Swiss chardBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- amount of applied sludgee0
- Outcome
- leaf Cd and Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Swiss chard and radish, the leaf Cd and Zn concentrations increased with the amount of applied sludge”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Radish leaf Cd and Zn rose with applied sludge amount.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- amount of applied sludgee0
- Outcome
- leaf Cd and Zn concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For Swiss chard and radish, the leaf Cd and Zn concentrations increased with the amount of applied sludge”
e1“radish (Raphonus sativus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato tissue Cd and Zn rose after initial sludge application.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- initial sludge applicatione0
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In tomato, elevated Cd and Zn levels were observed following the initial sludge application”
e1“tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Further sludge applications did not significantly increase tomato Cd and Zn.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- subsequent applicationse0
- Outcome
- the levelse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subsequent applications did not increase the levels significantly”
e1“In tomato, elevated Cd and Zn levels were observed following the initial sludge application”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd and Zn remained above non-sludged controls across six crops after sludge stopped.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisRaphanus sativusSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn levelse0
- Direction
- greater thane0
- Qualifier
- all six croppingse0
- Comparator
- non-sludged controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant tissue continued to exhibit Cd and Zn levels greater than non-sludged controls in all six croppings”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
A single large sludge dose produced the highest tissue Cd and Zn at first harvest.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisRaphanus sativusSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- single large dosage of sludgese1
- Outcome
- Cd and Zn content of the plant tissuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- first crop harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest Cd and Zn content of the plant tissue occurred at the first crop harvest”
e1“If the soil received only a single large dosage of sludges at the beginning”
e2“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
After first cropping, tissue metal concentrations declined to a stable level still above controls.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisRaphanus sativusSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- metal concentration in the plant tissuee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- stable, but still elevated levele0
- Comparator
- non-sludged controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the metal concentration in the plant tissue of successive crops was reduced to a stable, but still elevated level (a level greater than the non-sludged controls)”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated tissue Cd and Zn showed no indication of returning to background after sludge disposal stopped.
- Taxon
- Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarisRaphanus sativusSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- elevated plant-tissue Cd and Zn contentse0
- Direction
- no indicatione0
- Comparator
- background levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no indication that the elevated plant-tissue Cd and Zn contents caused by the sludge applications would be reduced to the background level after the termination of sludge disposal”
e1“Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.), radish (Raphonus sativus L.) and tomato (Clycopersicon esculentum Mil.)”
The same questions in other papers
organic · nutrient: content · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
organic · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.