Abstract
Abstract Field and greenhouse studies with cotton and wheat showed that fertilizers containing ammonium phosphates were especially detrimental to germination and could result in very poor stands. In order to study the cause of this harmful effect, seeds were soaked in salt solutions (including ammonium phosphates) and acids for various time intervals. The seed surfaces were then washed free of the solutions and allowed to germinate. The (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 solutions reduced germination more than any other salt solution including NH 4 H 2 PO 4 . In studies with cotton seed, a solution of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 adjusted with NH 4 OH to pH 8.2 did not reduce germination as much as did (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 . Germination was lowered more by H 2 SO 4 than by H 3 PO 4 at the same pH. Soaking the seed in salt solutions such as CaSO 4 before soaking in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 did not improve germination. When the seeds were soaked in MgSO 4 or MgCl 2 after being soaked in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , there was an improvement in germination as compared with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 alone. Soaking in MgSO 4 and MgCl 2 did not increase the germination of seed that had been soaked in H 3 PO 4 . It appears that the detrimental effect of ammonium phosphate is not due to the ammonium or phosphate ion per se .
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium phosphate fertilizers harmed cotton and wheat germination and stands.
- Taxon
- cotton and wheat
Gossypium hirsutum
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- fertilizers containing ammonium phosphatese0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- detrimentale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field and greenhouse studies with cotton and wheat showed that fertilizers containing ammonium phosphates were especially detrimental to germination and could result in very poor stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Diammonium phosphate reduced germination more than other salt solutions.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 solutionse0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- any other salt solution including NH 4 H 2 PO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 solutions reduced germination more than any other salt solution including NH 4 H 2 PO 4”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium sulfate adjusted to pH 8.2 reduced cotton germination less than diammonium phosphate.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- a solution of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 adjusted with NH 4 OH to pH 8.2e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- did not reduce germination as muche0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In studies with cotton seed, a solution of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 adjusted with NH 4 OH to pH 8.2 did not reduce germination as much as did (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfuric acid lowered germination more than phosphoric acid at equal pH.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- H 2 SO 4e0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- lowered moree0
- Qualifier
- at the same pHe0
- Comparator
- H 3 PO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination was lowered more by H 2 SO 4 than by H 3 PO 4 at the same pH”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Presoaking in salts such as calcium sulfate did not improve subsequent diammonium phosphate germination.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Soaking the seed in salt solutions such as CaSO 4 before soaking in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking the seed in salt solutions such as CaSO 4 before soaking in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 did not improve germination”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium sulfate after diammonium phosphate improved germination relative to diammonium phosphate alone.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MgSO 4e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the seeds were soaked in MgSO 4 or MgCl 2 after being soaked in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , there was an improvement in germination as compared with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 alone”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium chloride after diammonium phosphate improved germination relative to diammonium phosphate alone.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MgCl 2e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Comparator
- (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the seeds were soaked in MgSO 4 or MgCl 2 after being soaked in (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , there was an improvement in germination as compared with (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 alone”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium sulfate did not increase germination after phosphoric acid treatment.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MgSO 4e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking in MgSO 4 and MgCl 2 did not increase the germination of seed that had been soaked in H 3 PO 4”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium chloride did not increase germination after phosphoric acid treatment.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- MgCl 2e0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking in MgSO 4 and MgCl 2 did not increase the germination of seed that had been soaked in H 3 PO 4”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer ammonium and phosphate ions individually do not explain ammonium phosphate harm.
- Taxon
- Cotton and WheatGossypium hirsutumTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- ammonium or phosphate ione0
- Outcome
- detrimental effect of ammonium phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It appears that the detrimental effect of ammonium phosphate is not due to the ammonium or phosphate ion per se”
t0“Cotton and Wheat Seeds”
The same questions in other papers
magnesium sulfate · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →magnesium dichloride · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
calcium sulfate · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
diammonium hydrogen phosphate · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
calcium sulfate · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
sulfuric acid · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
magnesium sulfate · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →diammonium hydrogen phosphate · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.