Abstract
Young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were defoliated manually to measure the effects of defoliation on growth of this species, and to determine the relative efficiency of foliage of different ages with respect to growth. The removal of 2-year-old or 3-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth, but their joint removal reduced height growth. Height growth was also reduced by the removal of 1-year-old foliage. Current foliage was found essential for the maintenance of normal height, diameter, and shoot growth; in addition, its removal induced high bud mortality, the production of profuse adventitious growth, and a reduction in the rate of shoot elongation. Trees deprived of all but current foliage showed marked reductions in height, diameter, and shoot growth. Complete defoliation resulted in tree death shortly thereafter. Growth reductions resulting from some of the treatments approximated that following defoliation by the Swaine jack-pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei Midd.). Also, the present results are compared with those obtained by several other workers in this field.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Removing two-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)
Pinus banksianat0 - Treatment
- 2-year-olde0
- Outcome
- tree growthe0
- Direction
- no appreciable effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of 2-year-old or 3-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing three-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Treatment
- 3-year-olde0
- Outcome
- tree growthe0
- Direction
- no appreciable effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The removal of 2-year-old or 3-year-old foliage had no appreciable effect on tree growth”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint removal of two- and three-year-old foliage reduced height growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Treatment
- joint removale0
- Outcome
- height growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their joint removal reduced height growth.”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removal of one-year-old foliage reduced height growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Treatment
- removal of 1-year-old foliagee0
- Outcome
- Height growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Height growth was also reduced by the removal of 1-year-old foliage.”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Current foliage was essential for normal height, diameter and shoot growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Organ / stage
- Current foliagee0
- Outcome
- normal height, diameter, and shoot growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Current foliage was found essential for the maintenance of normal height, diameter, and shoot growth”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing current foliage induced high bud mortality.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Organ / stage
- bude0
- Treatment
- its removale0
- Outcome
- high bud mortalitye0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its removal induced high bud mortality”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing current foliage induced profuse adventitious growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Outcome
- profuse adventitious growthe0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the production of profuse adventitious growth”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing current foliage reduced shoot elongation rate.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Outcome
- rate of shoot elongatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a reduction in the rate of shoot elongation”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees retaining only current foliage had marked reductions in height, diameter and shoot growth.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Treatment
- deprived of all but current foliagee0
- Outcome
- height, diameter, and shoot growthe0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trees deprived of all but current foliage showed marked reductions in height, diameter, and shoot growth.”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Complete defoliation caused tree death shortly afterward.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Treatment
- Complete defoliatione0
- Outcome
- tree deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Complete defoliation resulted in tree death shortly thereafter.”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Some experimental growth reductions approximated those following Swaine jack-pine sawfly defoliation.
- Taxon
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.)Pinus banksianat0
- Interactor
- Swaine jack-pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei Midd.)Neodiprion swaineie0pest
- Outcome
- Growth reductionse0
- Direction
- approximatede0
- Comparator
- defoliation by the Swaine jack-pine sawflye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth reductions resulting from some of the treatments approximated that following defoliation by the Swaine jack-pine sawfly (Neodiprion swainei Midd.).”
t0“JACK PINE (PINUS BANKSIANA LAMB.)”