Abstract
1. Young Red Kidney bean plants were treated by applying a known amount of ammonium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate [NH4(2,4-D)] to the base of the midrib on the upper surface of one primary leaf. The treated leaves were cut off at the bases of the petioles at various intervals (4, 10, 24, 48, and 72 hours) after application so as to interrupt further translocation of the growth-regulator from the leaf to other parts of the plant. Fresh weights of the expanded trifoliate leaf blades on treated and control plants 9 days after application of the salt were used in evaluating the relative amounts of growth inhibition which resulted for the various time intervals during which its translocation from the leaf was possible. The average degree of stem curvature at the time of clipping the treated primary leaves was also used as a supplementary indication of the amount of such translocation. To determine how much NH4(2,4-D) was apparently absorbed by each leaf, the treated area was washed volumetrically with distilled water. The washings were tested for content of the salt by a slight modification of the method developed by Bandurski (1) The amount left on the surface of a treated leaf at any time and thus measured was subtracted from the amount applied to give an approximate measure of the amount absorbed. 2 Much of the absorption of NH4(2,4-D) from a wholly aqueous solution by the leaf occurred within the first 4 hours after application. The addition of 0.5% by weight of Carbowax 1500 to the solution resulted in the salt being absorbed continuously during the period of treatment (72 hours). 3. The amount of the salt absorbed was positively correlated with temperature values during treatment, both with and without Carbowax 4 There was no significant difference between the amounts of the salt absorbed at 100 foot-candles of light and at 900 foot-candles at the same air temperature, the amount absorbed in the dark was significantly greater. 5. The fresh weight of the trifoliate leaf blades of plants treated in the dark was essentially the same as that of the corresponding controls, and no stem curvature occurred. In addition, the treated primary leaves folded upward along the midrib and became wavy. These facts suggest that, though there may have been movement of NH4(2,4-D) within the treated leaf, no translocation from the treated leaf occurred in complete darkness. 6. The relative fresh weights (expressed as a percentage of the average of the controls) of the trifoliate leaf blades of plants treated at 100 foot-candles of light were considerably greater than those of plants treated at 900 foot-candles, even though the amounts of the growth-regulator absorbed were the same The average degree of stem curvature was considerably higher in the latter series. Moreover, the primary leaves treated at the lower intensity tended to become wavy, similar to those in the dark but in lesser degree, while those at 900 foot-candles were not visibly affected. All these facts suggest that the rate of translocation of NH4(2,4-D) from the leaf in the kidney bean is positively correlated with light intensity prevailing during treatment, at least for the lower intensities. 7. The available data do not indicate any effect of Carbowax 1500 on translocation of NH4(2,4-D) from the treated leaf. 8. Data concerning the effects of temperature on the rate of translocation of the growth-regulator were inconclusive.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Much of aqueous NH4(2,4-D) uptake by bean leaves occurred within four hours.
Verbatim
e0“Much of the absorption of NH4(2,4-D) from a wholly aqueous solution by the leaf occurred within the first 4 hours after application”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding Carbowax 1500 led to continuous uptake over 72 hours.
- Taxon
- Bean Plantst0
- Treatment
- 0.5% by weight of Carbowax 1500e0
- Outcome
- salt being absorbed continuouslye0
- Value
- 72 hourse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“The addition of 0.5% by weight of Carbowax 1500 to the solution resulted in the salt being absorbed continuously during the period of treatment (72 hours)”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt absorption correlated positively with treatment temperature with and without Carbowax.
Verbatim
e0“The amount of the salt absorbed was positively correlated with temperature values during treatment, both with and without Carbowax”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Absorption did not differ significantly between 100 and 900 foot-candles at equal temperature.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference between the amounts of the salt absorbed at 100 foot-candles of light and at 900 foot-candles at the same air temperature”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt absorption in darkness was significantly greater than in light.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the amount absorbed in the dark was significantly greater”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Dark treated trifoliate leaf blades had essentially the same fresh weight as controls.
Verbatim
e0“The fresh weight of the trifoliate leaf blades of plants treated in the dark was essentially the same as that of the corresponding controls”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
No stem curvature occurred in plants treated in darkness.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“no stem curvature occurred”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated primary leaves folded upward and became wavy in darkness.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“the treated primary leaves folded upward along the midrib and became wavy”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred no translocation from treated leaves in complete darkness.
Verbatim
e0“no translocation from the treated leaf occurred in complete darkness”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 foot-candles, trifoliate blade relative fresh weights were greater than at 900 foot-candles.
Verbatim
e0“relative fresh weights (expressed as a percentage of the average of the controls) of the trifoliate leaf blades of plants treated at 100 foot-candles of light were considerably greater than those of plants treated at 900 foot-candles”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem curvature was higher at 900 than at 100 foot-candles.
- Taxon
- Bean Plantst0
- Treatment
- latter seriese0
- Outcome
- average degree of stem curvaturee0
- Direction
- considerably highere0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The average degree of stem curvature was considerably higher in the latter series”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves under lower light tended to become wavy whereas those at 900 foot-candles were not visibly affected.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“primary leaves treated at the lower intensity tended to become wavy, similar to those in the dark but in lesser degree, while those at 900 foot-candles were not visibly affected”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred positive correlation of translocation rate with light intensity at lower intensities.
- Taxon
- kidney bean
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- light intensitye0
- Outcome
- rate of translocation of NH4(2,4-D)e0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
- Qualifier
- at least for the lower intensitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rate of translocation of NH4(2,4-D) from the leaf in the kidney bean is positively correlated with light intensity prevailing during treatment, at least for the lower intensities”
Claim · model-written summary
Available data indicated no Carbowax effect on translocation.
- Taxon
- Bean Plantst0
- Treatment
- Carbowax 1500e0
- Outcome
- translocation of NH4(2,4-D)e0
- Direction
- do not indicate any effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“available data do not indicate any effect of Carbowax 1500 on translocation of NH4(2,4-D) from the treated leaf”
t0“Bean Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature effects on translocation rate were inconclusive.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Data concerning the effects of temperature on the rate of translocation of the growth-regulator were inconclusive”
t0“Bean Plants”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
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See all 41 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.